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VTNE Ch1
Mosby's Comprehension review 3ed
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System | Made up of the Heart and Blood Vessels |
| Myocardium | The heart muscle. |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells | Are Striated and are connected by intercalated discs |
| Intercalated Discs | Have a low electrical resistance, therefor the impulse spreads very quickly and all cells seem to function as one |
| Protective layers of the Heart | Pericardium Endocardium |
| Pericardium | Double walled membranous sac covering the myocardium. Two parts-Fibrous Pericardium and Serous pericardium, |
| Fibrous Pericardium | Outer layer, enveloping the heart- a tough fibrous connective tissue |
| Serous Pericardium | inner layer-enveloping the heart- made up of two layers: Parietal Layer, Visceral Layer |
| Parietal Layer | Part of the Serous Pericardium- adheres to the fibrouse pericardium |
| Visceral Layer | part of the Serous Pericardium- adheres to the myocardium |
| Pericardial Cavity | Between the two layers of the Serous Pericardium and is filled with Pericardial Fluid |
| Pericardial Fluid | Located in the pericardial cavity and reduces friction when the heart beats. |
| Endocardium | A serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart |
| Pulmunary Circulation | Precava and Postcava empty into the R Atrium. Blood then passes through the tricuspid valve into the R Ventricle and through the Pulmunary Artery (passes the pulmunary semilunar valve) to the lungs, where the blood is O2nized n returned to heart via P.V. |
| Systemic Circulation aka Somatic Circulation | O2ated blood in LA flows through bicuspid/mital into LV & out the Aorta |
| Innominate Artery | aka brachiocephalic- branches into the R subclavian artery and R&L common caroted arteries. Left sub clavian artery. |
| Fetal Circulation- these are not yet intact | Lungs, kidneys, digestive tract |
| umbilical vein | ascends towards fetal liver & / into 2. 1 branch joins the hepatic p. vein, enters liver- most blood flows into the ductus venosus- connect to postcava |
| postcava and precava in fetal development | postcava and Precava enters R A |
| Foramen Ovale | in fetal development- hole between R and L Atrium. Blood flows through to RA, then goes to LV and out of the Aorta. |
| Right Ventricle in Fetal Development | Blood that goes here, goes into the pulmonary artery. Most blood is channeled through the Ductus arteriosus into the aorta |
| Four layers that make up the GI tact wall | 1. Mucosa- closest to the lumen 3 layers 2. Submucosa- loose CT 3. Musclaris Externa: 2-3 layers 4. Serosa-loose CT |
| Mucosa of GI- three sub layers | 1. Epithelium: stratified squamous & simple columnar 2. Lamina propria: CT 3. Muscularis mucosa: SM |
| Muscularis externa: 2-3 layers of SM depending on Loc | Oblique Muscle: Stomach has three layers Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle |
| Pharynx | common passageway for digestive and respiratory system |
| Esophagus | Muscular tube running from the pharynx to the cardia (opening to stomach) |
| Four Regions of Simple Stomachs | Esophageal- non glandular Cardiac- procedures mucus Fundic- True body of the stomach &contains true gastric glands Pyloric- produces mucus |
| four cell types found in the Fundic | Mucous Neck Cells- produce Mucus Chief Cells- produce enzyme pepsinogen Pariental Cells- produce NAH2 Endocrine Cells- produce hormone Gastrin |
| Chyme | Has inner folds known as Rugae. Food is mixed in stomach w/secretions from the digestive glands until it is reduced to a liquid- CHYME |
| Ruminant Stomachs | four compartments: Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and Abomasm |
| Rumen | Fermination Vent- largest compartment. Food is mixed and churned in a favorable environment (proper pH, temp, bac and anaerobic conditions) |
| Reticulum | Hardware compartment. Most cranial compartment separated from rumen. AKA Honeycomp. Acts as passageway for food. Paces contractions of Rumen |
| Omasum | Grinds up the food and absorbs H2O and bicarbonate. Composed of many layers of lamina, which resembles leaves |
| Abomasum | True glandular stomach, mixes food w/ enzymes initiating chemical digestion |
| Small Intestines | duodenum jejunum ileum |
| Three Specialized structures designed to increase the surface are of the SI | 1. Circular Folds- deep mucosal folds 2. Intestinal Villi- long slender projections 3. Microvilli- columnar epithelial cells have microvilli |
| Three Digestive Enzymes produced in the SI | Proteases Amylase Lipase |
| Large Intestines | Cecum found at the ileocecocolic junction Colon - acending. tranverse, decending Ha no villi, circular folds or enzyms Absorbs H2O, produces V. B & K propels waste to rectum |
| Rectum | ends portion of L.I. secretes mucus |
| Anus | Terminal ending of GI tract 2 sphincters- involuntary and voluntary |
| Pancreas- how it aids digestion | prduces -> to digest Trypin- protein Lipase- fats Pancreatic Amalase- starch Nuclease- nucleic acid Elastase- elastin Chymotrypsin- proteins peptidases- lg proteins |
| Liver- how it aids digestion | bile emulsifies fat |
| Gallbladder- how it aids digestion | Stores bile- releases it into the duodenum when fats are present- under the influence of CCK. Rats and horses do not have Gallbladders |
| Pancreatic enzymes are delivered in a basic or alkaline fluid? Why? | Alkaline- to help neutralize the chyme |
| Small Intestines produce the following enzymes | Trypsin- to act on disaccharides Maltaese, sucrase and lactase: to act on disaccharides Nuclease: to act on nucleic acid Chyme is mixed enzymes |
| Absorption in the SI | Monosaccharides and amino acuds are absorbed through the intestinal capillaries, and fats are absorbed through the lacteals of the intestinal villi |
| Functions of the Lymphatic system | Absorbs protein-containing fluid and returns it to venous system Transports fats digestive tract to blood Produces lymphocytes Develops immunity |
| Nostrils/Nares | Extremal Opening of the respiratory system. |
| Nasal Cavity | Lined w/ mucus membrane Houses turbinate bones Air is warmed by capillaries, moistened and filtered |
| Phaynx- in the Resp System 4 Parts | Nasopharynx- from posterior nares to soft palate Oropharynx from soft palate to hyoid bone Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to larynx Eustachian tube: from middle ear to nasopharnyx |
| Larynx/Voice box | Consist of Cartilage- Epiglottis covers glottis during swallowing Vocal folds attach to arytenoid cartilage |
| Larynx/Voice box Consist of Cartilage: | epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid |
| Trachea | Consists of non-collapsible , C shaped cartilagiouse rings Lined with ciliated columnar cells Divided into bronchi at the tracheal bifurcation |
| Bronchi | Right and left cartilaginouse bronchi enter the lungs Passageways become progressively smaller and the amount of cartilage diminishes |
| Bronchiole | Consits of SM, no cartilage Lead to the alveoli |
| Lungs | Varying number of lobes, depending on species Covered w/ Visceral Pleura Houses alveoli |
| Alveoli | Microscopic air sacs located in lung. Gas exchange occurs here |
| Respiration of Mammals | Ventilation- movement of air b/t atmosphere and lungs External Resp- exchange of gases b/t alveoli & blood Internal Resp- exchange of gases b/t blood and cells |
| Ventilation- | Inspiration & Expiration |
| Inspiration the nervous impulse from brain.... | causes diaphragm & external intercostal muscles to contrast |
| Inspiration- how does the diaphragm move? | Diaphragm moves caudally and the chest moves ventrally: therefore the size of the thoracic cavity is increased which decreases intra horacic pressure and intraalveolar pressure |
| Why does air move into the lungs | Because Intraalveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure |
| Expiration: Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles do what? | |
| At Expiration the Diaphragm moves which way? | Diaphragm moves cranially and the chest moves dorsally; This decreases the size of the thoracic cavity, which increases intrathoracic pressure and intraalveolar pressure |
| Inspiration reserve volume | amount of air inspired over the tidal volume |
| Expiratory reserve volume | Amount of air expired over the tidal volume |
| Respiratory Rate Dogs? Cats? Horses? | Dogs: 10 to 30 bpm Cats: 24 to 42 bpm Horses: 8 to 16 bpm |
| Pneumonia | Inflammation of the lungs causes primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed Lung |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the thoracic cavity |
| four main centers in the brain to regulate the respiration | 1.Inspiratory center- present on the medulla oblongata 2.Expiratory center-present on the medulla oblongata 3.Pneumotaxic center- centers on the pons region of brain 4.Apneustic center- centers on the pons region of brain |
| Hering-Breuer reflex | Stretch receptors in the lungs that prevent the lungs from over-inflating |
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