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VET 1250 Week 1
Blood and Immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of blood | hematology |
| study of immune system | immunology |
| what are the 3 functions of blood | transportation, regulation, defense |
| plasma, serum (+-55%) | liquid/fluid portion of blood |
| erythrocytes 99%, leukocytes, >1% thrombocytes >1% of this portion | cellular portion |
| blood that is circulating | whole blood |
| albumin, globulin, fibrinogin | plasma proteins |
| contain anticoagulants such as heperin or EDTA which work by tying up calcium; if centrifuged the fluid that rises to the top is plasma; do not freeze unless has been centrifuged | purple top tubes |
| allow blood to clot, no anticoagulant, if centrifuged the fliud that rises to the top is serum. no fibrinogin present | red top tubes |
| with clotting factors | plasma |
| without clotting factors | serum |
| fibrinogin, prothrombin, calcium | clotting factors |
| any foreign protein | antigen |
| protein created in body against antigen | antibody |
| 92-93% of plasma is this | water |
| you can find systemic drugs in the | plasma/serum of the blood |
| albumin, globulins, fibrinogen; oxygen, CO2, and nitrogen; lipids, amino acids, metabolic wastes, and electrolytes | substances dissolved or suspended in plasma |
| carry O2 | RBC |
| help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels | platelets |
| immune cells | WBC |
| granulocyte cells | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| agranulocyte cells | lymphocyte, monocyte |
| general term for production of all blood cells | hematopoiesis |
| most widely used hematology stain; polychromatic stains | Wright's stain |
| contain hemoglobin; carry O2; round anuclear biconcave disks | erythrocytes |
| deformable but not elastic, more membrane surface for diffusion of O2, shorter diffusion distance | functions of RBCs |
| dogs have the largest in size | RBCs |
| large with lots of dark blue cytoplasma (nucleated RBC) | immature RBC |
| lavender color cytoplasma | polychromasia |
| will have a red cytoplasma, no nucleus because they are concave in shape | mature RBC |
| composed of 2 parts, binds with O2 | hemoglobin |
| heme | pigment portion, contains iron atoms that carry O2 (red bone marrow), produced in mitochondria |
| globin | protein portion, produced in ribosomes |
| breakdown product from heme which can give a yellow color | bilirubin |
| carrying 02 | oxyhemoglobin |
| given up O2 | deoxyhemoglobin |
| embryonic hemoglobin | HbE |
| fetal hemoglobin | HbF |
| adult hemoglobin | Hb |
| where erythropoiesis takes place | 1. bone marrow 2. spleen 3. liver 4. kidney |
| hematopoietic stem cells stimulated by erythropoietin produced in the kidney when it detects hypoxia to begin production of RBC | PPSC pluripotent stem cells |
| life span of RBCs | dogs 110 days cats 68 days |
| enzyme activity decreases, cells loses is deformability | rbc senescence |
| macrophages(especially in spleen) remove senescent RBCs from circulation; rbcs broken down into components that can be easily recycled in the body or eliminated as waste material | extravascular hemolysis 1 |
| rbc membrane destroyed; iron transported to the red bone marrow; amino acids from globin molecultes are transported to liver for reuse; heme converted to bilirubin bound to albumin and transported to liver | extravascular hemolysis 2 |
| bilirubin is conjugated to glucoronic acid; conjugated bilirubin excreted as a bile pigment into intestines; converted into urobilinogen by bacteria | extravascular hemolysis 3 |
| rbcs in circulation subjected to stresses; unconjugated hemoglobin attached to haptoglobin (transport plasma protein) and transported to macrophages in liver for further breakdown | intravascular hemolysis 1 |
| processed as with extravascular hemolysis; excess unconjugated hemoglobin in the plasma | intravascular hemolysis 2 |
| results in pink, red, or brown plasma | hemoglobinemia |
| eliminated urine can be red | hemoglobinuria |
| produced in bone marrow; polymorphonuclear; provide defense for body against foreign invaders | leukocyte |
| polymorphonuclear; take 3-6 days to produce in bone marrow; most numerous WBC; granules don't stain; phagocytosis; granules are lysosomes | neutrophils |
| segments of neutrophils are joined by | chromatin |
| released from bone marrow before mature (neutrophils) | band neutrophil |
| how long are neutrophils in circulation before entering the tissue | 10 hours average |
| process by which neutrophils leave blood vessels by squeezing between the cells of the edothelium | diapedesis |
| process by which neutrophils and other cells are attracted by inflammatory chemicals produced by microorganisms | chemotaxis |
| take 2-6 days to produce from PPSC in bone marrow; nuclear structure similar to neutrophils; distinctive red/pink staining; functions are anti inflammatory, parasitic phagocytosis; humoral immune response | eosinophils |
| rare finding in all species, produced in bone marrow, gray/blue staining, function not clear, share some characteristics with mast cells; most commonly have 2-3 lobed nucleus | basophils |
| primary circulating WBC in ruminants and pigs; most reside in lymphoid tissues; non phagocytotic; nucleus takes up most of cell | lymphocytes |
| first line of defense; processed in thymus; cell-mediated immunity; activates B cells | T lymphocytes |
| produced in bone marrow; 14+ days to produce immunoglobulin; lymph nodes and spleen; produce specific antibody to an antigen;responsible for antibody protection; converted to plasma cell which produce antibody can't do on own | B lymphocytes |
| don't have to be activated; come into contact and can kill; like to destroy cancer cells | natural killer cells |
| survive in the lymphoid tissue and wait for second exposure to the same antigen | memory cells |
| 5-6% of circulating WBCs; produced in bone marrow; blue/gray cytoplasm probably with vacuoles; cytoplasm can appear to have fine granules; largest of peripheral WBCs; NOT segmented; horseshoe shape or not round; major phagocytic cells, largest WBC | monocytes |
| circulating are round with numerous small purple granules; contain clotting factors and calcium | thrombocytes |
| production of platelets | thrombopoiesis |
| process by which blood is prevented from leaking out of damaged blood vessels | hemostatsis |
| maintains vascular integrity; platelet plug formation; stabilization of plug by the process of fibrin formation | 3 functions of thrombocytes |
| strands form a netlike mesh around and through the platelets | fibrin |
| there are ___ clotting factors | 13 |
| series of vessels/ducts; carry excess interstitial fluid to blood vessels near the heart where fluid is put back into the bloodstream; includes lymph tissue scattered throughout body | lymphatic system |
| lymph nodes; spleen; thymus; tonsils; and gut associated lymph tissue (GALT) | lymphoid organs |
| consists of blood cells; nutrients; hormones | lymph |
| some _____ cells circulate from blood to interstitial fluid to lymph and back to blood | T |
| are found primarily in lymph tissue and rarely recirculate | B cells |
| 3 compartments of lymphatic system | bone marrow, central lymphoid organs, peripheral lymphoid organs |
| carry excess fluid away; follow the path of veins; one way valves to prevent back flow | lymph capillaries |
| lymph vessels join to form the ________ and dump into the ______ | thoracic duct; vena cava |
| lymph is also circulated by the ____ same as blood | heart |
| lymph from the digestive system | chyle |
| what are the 4 functions of the lymph nodes | removal of excess fluid; waste material transport; filtration of lymph to prevent spread of disease; protein transport |
| small kidney bean shaped structures located at various points along the lymph vessels | lymph nodes |
| where are the lymph nodes located | submandibular; prescapular; sternal; axillary; superficial inguinal; popliteal |
| tongue shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen; largest lymphoid organ in body | spleen |
| blood storage; removal of foreign material; removal of dead, dying, abnormal RBCs; lymphocyte cloning during immune response | spleen functions |
| lymphoid organ located in the caudal neck and cranial thoracic region on either side of the trachea; most prominent in young animals; produces T-cells | thymus |
| nodules of peripheral lymphoid tissue; not covered with a capsule; found close to mucosal surfaces all over the body | tonsils |
| ____ in the pharyngeal region prevent spread of infection into the respiratory or digestive system | tonsils |
| lymphoid tissue found in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa; classified as both central and peripheral lymphoid tissue | Gut Associated Lymph Tissue GALT |
| phagocytosis; lysis of foreign cell membranes; inactivation of pathogenic organisms or chemical substances; precipitation or agglutination of cells or molecules | actions of immune system |
| mechanical barriers; chemical barriers; inflammatory response; phagocytosis; natural killer cells; interferon | nonspecific immunity |
| skin and mucous membranes | mechanical barriers |
| hydrochloric acid in the gastric mucosa is an example | chemical barriers |
| tissue damage provokes release of chemical mediators like histamine and other chemotactic factors | inflammatory response |
| come in direct contact with tumor cells and tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses and destroy them | natural killer cells |
| protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus; inhibits further development and spread of the virus | interferon |
| enzymes in plasma that can be activated by the attachment of an antibody to an antigen | complement group of enzymes |
| cascade of reactions that results in antigen lysis | complement fixation |
| includes T and B cells; response is initiated as a reaction to the epitope on the invading cells wall; lymphocytes primarily involved but may depend on the actions of other cells for activation; both cell-mediated and humoral | specific immunity |
| 3 constants that are in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity | 1. response only initiated after antigen enters body. 2. response aimed specifically against the antigen present. 3. if antigen enters body 2nd time there will be a memory of it. |
| T-cell attaches to antigenic site and becomes sensitized; divides many times cloning itself to form cytotoxic cells, memory cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells | cell-mediated |
| secrete cytokines that act as a poison and kill the cell | cytotoxic cells |
| remember a specific antigen and stimulate a faster and more intense response if that same antigen is presented to the body | memory cells |
| secrete lymphokines that stimulate the production of B cells | helper T cells |
| inhibit helper and cytotoxic T cells by negative feedback | Suppressor T cells |
| production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) | Humoral immunity/ antibody mediated |
| first Ig made during first exposure to an antigen | IgG |
| associated with an allergic response | IgE |
| infection | naturally acquired active |
| antibodies pass from mother to fetus | naturally acquired passive |
| vaccine | artificially acquired active |
| injection of immune serum/ antiserum | artificially acquired passive |
Created by:
maiken
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