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Lymphocytes!
Clin Path
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lymphocyte is predominant in what 3 animals? | Cattle, Sheep, and Goat |
| What is the range of lymphocytes found in the feline? | 1,500-7,000 |
| What is the range of lymphocytes found in the canine? | 1,000-4,800 |
| What percentage of lymphocytes are in circulation? | 2% |
| How long do lymphocytes survive? | Varies- Can live the lifespan of the animal |
| What are the clinical signs of Lymphocytosis? | None |
| What percentage of lymphocytes are stored in the spleen? | 13% |
| What are the 5 causes of lymphocytosis? | Physiologic/Epinephrine release, Antigenic Stimulation, Youth, Chronic inflammation and Later stages of resolving infections |
| What is a foreign protein capable of causing a specific immune response? | Antigen |
| What is the MOST common CBC abnormality seen in clinics? | Lympphopenia |
| What are the 4 causes of lymphopenia? | Steroids, Chronic inflammation, Decreased production, immunosuppressive drugs/syndromes. |
| What happens to the total WBC count in cattle as its lymphocytes increase? | Increases |
| Describe the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte. | Not always seen, sky blue in color. |
| Desribe the nucleus of a lymphocyte. | Round/Oval and dark purple. |
| How large are small lymphoctes? | 7-9 microns |
| How large are large lymphocytes? | 9-11 microns |
| What type of lymphocytes are generally large, not always round, and has a clefted nucleus? | Atypical lymphocyte |
| What type of lymphocytes are seen with infection as well as neoplasia and has dark blue unevenly distributed granules? | Atypical lymphocyte |
| What kind of lymphocyte is seen during antigenic stimulation and is also called an immunocyte? | Reactive Lymphocyte |
| What kind of lymphocytes have a large nucleus with dense chromatin as well as cytoplasm the has a pale perinuclear zone? | Reactive Lymphocyte |
| How large are reactive lymphocytes? | 15-20 microns |
| What cell is also called an immunocyte or activated lymphocyte? | Reactive Lymphocyte |
| How many lymphocyte types are possible? | 250+ |
| What is the maturation of a B-lymphocyte? | PPSC-> Lymphoid Stem Cell-> Pre B-Lymphocyte-> B-Lymphoblast-> B-Prolymphocyte-> B-Lymphocyte |
| What percentage of lymphocytes are T-Cells? | ~70% |
| What percentage of lymphocytes are B-Cells? | ~30% |
| What is the maturation of a T-Lymphocyte? | PPSC-> Lymphoid Stem Cell-> Pre T-Lymphocyte-> T-Lymphoblast-> T-Prolymphocyte-> T-Lymphocyte |
| In order to graduate from Thymus University what must a T-Cell know? | Self Vs. Notself |
| What is the percentage of T-Cells that actually make it into circulation? | 1-5% |
| Where do T-Cells mature? | Thymus |
| Where are T-Cells stored? | White pulp of the spleen or the lymph nodes. |
| What type of immunity are T-Cells associated with? | Cell mediated Immunity, And 3rd line of specific immunity. |
| What is the nickname for T-Cells? | Troups |
| What activates T-Cells? | Tissue macrophages |
| What cell is also referred to the bursa equivalent (Bursa of Fabricisu)? | B-Cells |
| Where is the bursa located on the bird? | Near the cloaca. |
| What is GALT? | Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue |
| Where do B-cells mature? | Bone marrow or GALT |
| Where are B-Cells stored? | Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils or any other lymphoid tissue. |
| What type of immunity are B-Cells associated with? | Humoral Immunity and 3rd line (Specific immunity) |
| What are the 2 nicknames for B-Cells? | Boxseaters or Boss Cells |
| What is the range of NK cells found in the cat or dog? | Rare |
| Where do NK cells mature? | Bone marrow |
| Where are NK cells stored? | Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils or any other lymphoid tissues. |
| What type of immunity are NK cells associated with? | 2nd line of defense, non specific immunity |
| What is the nickname for the NK cell? | Dog |
| True or false. NK cells do not require stimulation. | true |
| What cell kills anything that isnt self as well as cells infected with a virus or cancer? | NK Cells |
| What type of cells can produce memory cells? | T and B Cells |
| What type of cells are clones of the original lymphocyte and do not participate in the initial response? | Memory Cells |
| What are the 3 compartments of the lymphoid tissue? | Bone marrow, Central Lymphoid organs, and Peripheral lymphoid tissue |
| What are the 3 locations considered to be part of the central lymphoid organ compartment? | GALT, Thymus and Bone Marrow |
| What are the 5 locations considered to be part of the peripheral lymphoid organ compartment? | Bone marrow, Tonsils, GALT, Lymph nodes and Spleen. |
| What is the primary difference between Lymph and Plasma? | Lymph has: MORE nutrients/Electrolytes/Sugars/Water and LESS large proteins. |
| What are the 3 primary plasma proteins? | Fibrinogen, Albumin, and Globulins |
| What fluid is considered to be digestive lymph that contains chylomicrons? | Chyle |
| What are chylomicrons? | Microscopic fat particles |
| What are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system? | Removal of excess tissue fluid, Waste material transport, Lymph filtration, and Protein transport. |
| What are the results of excess tissue fluid is not removed? | Edema |
| What pseudogland is swollen when macrophages are active and can be the spot where cancer spreads? | Lymph nodes |
| What organ is located on the left side of the abdomen and has white pulp as well as white pulp? | Spleen |
| Where in the spleen are RBCs and platelets stored? | Sinuses |
| The spleen is a very muscular organ except in what type of animal? | Ruminants |
| What organ has both hematologic and lymphatic properties/functions? | Spleen |
| What organ is not essential to life and is responsible for removal of foreign material by its macrophages? | Spleen |
| What are the 2 most common reasons for a splenectomy? | Trauma (Ruptures) and Splenic tumors |
| What gland is also referred to as "Sweet bread" and is located in the mediastinum? | Thymus |
| What gland is responsible for kickstarting immunity? | Thymus |
| What tissue is similar to lymph nodes but have no capsule? | Tonsils |
| Where are tonsils found in general (not location)? | Found close to mucosal surfaces and at the beginning of lymph drainage |
| What are the 5 locations of tonsils within the body? | Pharyngeal, Laryngeal, Intestinal, Prepuce, and Vaginal |
| How much of the intestinal lining does GALT make up? | 25% |
| Where can you find GALT? | Intestinal lining (Ileum) |
| What is the function of the immune system? | To protect from anything that can cause disease or damage |
| What is the percentage of T-Cells that gets lysed in the thymus because they can not recognize self from not self? | 90% |
| Define epitope. | A uniquely shaped site on the surface on an antigen that is recognized by an antigen receptor. |
| What determines the shape of an epitope? | Amino acid sequence |
| Define pathogenicity. | Ability of an antigen to cause disease. |
| Define virulence. | Refers to the degree of pathogenicity (or the extent of Dz) of an antigen. (Ex. Mild or severe) |
| What are the 5 things that make a good antigen? | Size, Foreigness, Complexity and chemical stability, Dose, Host Status and route of administration. |
| What term refers to the proteins found in plasma that attach to undetectable/small antigens and present them to macrophages? | Haptens |
| What type of immune system will those with severe allergies or an autoimmune disease have? | Over-Reactive Immune System |
| What type of immune system will animals with immunodeficiencies have? | Underreactive Immune system |
| What happens to the mast cells during an anaphylaxis reaction? | Mast cells degranulate throughout the body. |
| What does the word "haptens" mean? | To fasten |
| What are the 2 types of immunity? | Specific and nonspecific |
| What type of immunity is also know as innate? | Non-specific immunity |
| What type of immunity is rapid/instantaneous and very generalized? | Nonspecific immunity |
| What kind of immunity contains the 1st and 2nd line of defense? | Nonspecific |
| What are the 2 components of the 1st line of defense? | Physical and chemical barriers |
| What are some examples of a physical barrier? | Haircoat, Intact epithelium (keratin layer), mucus membranes, and cilia |
| What are some examples of a chemical barrier? | Mucus, saliva, tears (lysozyme), normal flora, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
| What are the 5 components of the 2nd line of defense? | Phagocytosis, Nk Cells, Interferons, Complement, and inflammatory response. |
| What are the 5 steps in the process of phagocytosis? | Attraction, Attachment, Ingestion, Fusion, and Digestion |
| What type of cell must have direct contact to kill a cell and targets cancerous cells or any other cell that interfers? | NK cell |
| How do NK cells lyse? | With perforins |
| What is the antiviral protein produced by the cells infected with a virus? | interferons |
| What protein is responsible for inhibiting viral replication? | interferons |
| How soon do interferons respond? | Within hours |
| What is the term that refers to a group of inactive enzymes in plasma? | Complement |
| When are complements activated? | When antigen/antibody complex is formed |
| When an antibody hooks up to its unique antigen what is it called? | Antigen-Antibody Complex |
| What is the complement process? | -Connects -Binding sites exposed -Binds to active sites -Complement fixation. |
| After all sites are full or activated the complement arranges in a donut shape on the antigen cell wall resulting in a hole in the cell wall. What is the called? | Complement fixation |
| What is the body's normal response to an insult or injury? | inflammatory response |
| What are the 3 purposes of the inflammatory response? | 1:To limit spread of pathogens 2:To remove debris of damaged tissue 3:Initiate healing/tissue repair |
| What are some examples of causes of inflammation? | Trauma, toxins, sun, insect bites/stings, and microorganisms. |
| True or false. Inflammation is abnormal. | False. |
| What type of response is abnormal and caused by a proliferation os microorganisms? | Infection |
| What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? | Redness, Heat, Pain, Edema, and decreased function |
| What are the 6 steps to the inflammatory process? | 1-Vasoconstriction 2-Vasodilation 3-Fluid from plasma pours into tissue 4-Clot formation 5-Clean up 6-Return to normality |
| How long does vasoconstriction last for? | 5-10 minutes |
| What happens after vasoconstriction during an inflammatory response? | Mast cell degranulate after the 5-10 min. |
| Why do the vessels constrict during the inflammatory response? | To prevent hemorrhage |
| What is released after vasodilation causing local hyperemia, redness, and heat? | Histamine and heparin |
| What part of the inflammatory response will you see redness? | Vasodilation |
| What part of the inflammatory response will you see heat? | Vasodilation and clean up |
| What part of the inflammatory response will you see edema? | Fluid from the plasma leaking to the tissue |
| What part of the inflammatory response will you see pain? | Fluid from the plasma leaking in to the tissues |
| What part of the inflammatory response will you see decreased function? | Fluid from the plasma leaking in to the tissues |
| What 3 things does vasodilation provide? | RBCs (O2)---->Healing WBCs----->Defense PLTs----> Clot formation |
| What chemical is responsible for increasing capillary permeability? | histamine |
| What causes pain during edema? | fluid impinges on the nerve ending in the tissue |
| What does the fluid from plasma provide to the surrounding tissue? | Antibodies, nutrients, complements, enzymes, and plasma proteins |
| Why is a clot formed during the inflammatory response? | to wall off the area adjacent to injury to prevent spread of microbes |
| What cells are responsible for cleaning up tissue debris? | Macrophages and neutrophils |
| What chemical is released during phagocytosis that causes fever? | pyrogens |
| What are the 3 reasons a fever is beneficial? | 1-Promotes interferon activity 2-Increases metabolic rate to initiate healing 3-Inhibits viral and bacterial reproduction |
| Define perforins. | Chemicals secreted by NK cells that punch holes into the cell membrane of an infected cell to lyse it. |
| What are the 3 R's of specific immunity? | Recognize, Respond, Remember |
| Where does cell mediated immunity take place? | in the tissues |
| Cell mediated immunity is meant to deal with what type of pathogens? | intracellular |
| What type of immunity do T-Cells have? | Cell mediated immunity |
| What is required with cell mediated immunity? | Tissue Macrophage |
| What are the 3 types of cells that T-Cells can develop into? | Cytotoxic T-Cells, Helper T-Cell and Supressor T-Cell |
| What type of tcell is also known as a killer tcell? | Cytotoxic tcell |
| What type of tcell is also known as a sensitized tcell? | Cytotoxic tcell |
| How do cytotoxic tcells destroy an antigen? | Perforins, Induce apoptosis, or Lymphotoxins |
| What type of tcell attaches to an antigen to destroy it and is not harmed in the process? | Cytotoxic tcell |
| What type of lymphocytes remain in the tissue? | Bcells |
| What type of cell is CD8? | Cytotoxic tcell |
| What type of cell is CD4? | Helper tcell |
| What type of cell is Ts? | Suppressor tcell |
| What 2 types of cytokines are secreted into the tissue by helper tcells? | interleukens and macrophage migration factor |
| What cytokine stimulates and increases activation of B-Cells and other T-Cells? | Interleukens |
| What cytokine attracts, stimulates, and entraps macrophages? | Macrophage Migration Factor |
| What type of tcells inhibit helper and killer tcells and stops bcells from becoming plasma cells? | suppressor tcells |
| What type of tcells release cytokines that shut down immune response? | suppressor tcells |
| Where does humoral immunity take place? | In the plasma |
| What type of lymphocyte is involved with humoral immunity? | B-Cell |
| What activates humoral immunity? | Formation of an antigen-antibody complex |
| What process do clones undergo to become plasma cells? | Blastic Transformation |
| How long does blastic transformation take? | 3-6 days |
| Activated B-cell can become ___________________ or ___________________. | Memory cells or plasma cells |
| What 3 things can happen when an antibody attaches to an antigen? | Neutralization, Agglutination/Precipitation, and Complement activation |
| How is an antigen neutralized? | An antibody is attached to all of the epitopes on the antigen |
| How many binding sites to antigens typically have? | 4-10 |
| What amino acid is essential to making IgA? | Lysine |
| What are the 5 groups of immunoglobins? | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
| What group of immunoglobins accounts for 75-80% of antibodies found in the plasma and have a slow production rate? | IgG |
| What group of immunoglobins are found in fluids and secretions? | IgA |
| What group of immunoglobins are seen during 2nd exposure and have a rapid production rate? | IgM |
| What group of immunoglobins are associated with allergic response, mast cells and are known to attract eosinophils? | IgE |
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