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bio1100 x
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the term for an observable trait of an organism | phenotype |
| mendell postulated that individuals have genetic elements that exist in pairs, which determine a single phenotype. These pairs are | two alleles of a gene on a homologous chromosome |
| mendel crossed true-breeding pea plants and found the dominant trait always appeared in the f1 generation, but it appeared in a___ ration of dominant recessive in the f2 generation | 3:1 |
| A and a are dominant and recessive alleles of the same gene; which genotype would result in an individual with the dominant phenotype | aa only |
| the genotype Ff is an example of | heterozygous genotype |
| dimpled cheeks are dominant to undimpled cheeks; if a 50% chance that a child will have dimpled cheeks the parental genotypes must be | Dd and dd |
| in order to track the inheritance of two characters you would need to do a | dihybrid cross |
| what is the basis of codominance | each allele of a gene produces a protein that functions to create a trait |
| characters such as height, weight ,and skin color are controlled by manys genes acting together; these are examples of | polygenic inheritance |
| the phenotype of an organism can be influenced by | environment and genotype |
| what do hemophilla, duchenne muscular dystrophy, and red green color blindnesss have in common | they are x linked |
| genes not found on the sex chromosome will be found on | autosomes. |
| ex of an autosomal recessive disorder | sickle cell anemia |
| a pedigree is a representation of | a genetic family tree |
| if more than on sperm fertilizes an egg, what will result | polyploidy |
| failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis | nondisjunction |
| down syndrome in humans is caused by | three copies of chromosome 21 |
| combination of chromosomes that would be found in a person afflicted with turner syndrome | XO |
| cri du chat syndrome babies are mentally challenged due to a deletion in chromosome | 5 |
| primary purpose of light reactions of photosynthesis | to release electrons needed to convert solar energy to chemical energy |
| can create their own sugars using photosynthesis | plants |
| breaking bonds into starch to release glucose is considered | exergonic |
| oxygen allows humans to | produce ATP from food |
| NADH being converted into NAD+ is an example of | oxidation |
| the diversity of chemical reations occuring in the cell depends on certain molecules present in the cells called | enzymes |
| oxidative phosphorylation is carried out during | aerobic respiration |
| the energy currency of cells | ATP |
| the energy to add a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP comes from | enzymes |
| the consequence of one base being changed in the base sequence of a DNA molecule | a defective protein |
| this process contributes least to genetic diversity | duplication of DNA |
| DNA> RNA> polypeptide(protein) | transcription and translation |
| how many codons can act as termination codons | three |
| which single attribute determines that a human fetus is male | the presence of a Y chromosome |
| what does RNA polymerase enzyme complex do | it unwinds the DNA brins complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA, and synthesizes RNA |
| what is the significance of multiple alleles | they allow for a range of traits in a population |
| which segment of an mRNA transcipt is removed before it is translated | introns |
| what is the relationship between DNA and chromatin | chromatin is the combination of DNA packaged around proteins |
| can reveal the presence of cancerous genes | a karyotype |
| a bacterium that is pathogenic | is a disease causing organism |
| DNA, nucleotides, DNA polymerase, primers | are needed to perform a PCR reaction |
| bacteria are the ____ living things known | smallest |
| ____ are used as a vector to transer genes between organisms | plasmids |
| in what type of environment would you mostly likely find anerobes | with out oxygen |
| embryonic stem cells are taken from | eggs |
| they cut foreign DNA, for ex: the DNA of invading organisms | function of restriction enzymes on bacteria |
| oxygen is reduced to water in the cells | mitochondria |
| ____ and ___ produce over half of the oxygen in the atmosphere | microscopic algae and bacteria |
| the products of photosynthesis | o2 and sugar |
| allows making many copies of DNA when the starting sample is small | PCR |
| used to amplify small samples of DNA | forensic DNA analysis |
| a protein coat around the genetic material of a virus | capsid |
| a molecule that has lost electrons has been | oxidized |
| a noncellular, replicating entity | virus |
| can serve as coenzymes | vitamins |
| many short, hair like extensions that beat to produce movement | cilia |
| "dolly" or another reproductively cloned animal is a clone of | an adult animal that contributed DNA to an enucleated egg |
| before proteins can be used for cellular respiration they must be broken down into | amino acids |
| restriction enzymes are mainly derived from | bacteria |
| glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced | during cellular respiration |
| kary mullins was awarded the noble prize in chemistry for inventing | the ploymerase chain reation |
| a bacterias ability to take up DNA from its surroundings | bacterial transformation |
| scientists do not consider___ to be alive because they cannot metabolize outside a host cell | viruses |
| it is possible for a ____ gene to work in any other organism | human |
| the combination of a somatic cell with an enucleated egg cell | somatic cell nuclear transfer |
| spherical bacteria | spherocytes |
| circular bacteria | cocci |
| rod shaped bacteria | bacilli |
| the use of technology to control biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs | biotechnology |
| before starch can be used for cellular respiration it must be broken down into | glucose |
| malaria is caused by a | virus |
| clones that already are produced by nature | identical twins |
| an exact copy of a DNA, cell, or organism | clone |
| the ring of bacteria that is not part of their chromosome | plasmid |
| produces a vitamin A precursor that helps prevent blindness | golden rice |
| "dolly" is a product of | reproductive cloning |
| most enzymes are | proteins |
| help enzymes to function | coenzymes |
| break down proteins into amino acids | chymotrypsin |
| absorbs light | chlorophyll |
| gradual changing of live over time | evolution |
| evolution is based on | speculation |
| Darwin proposed his theory of evolution in | 1859 |
| has confirmed the immense age of the earth | radiometric dating |
| around the globe____ from the same evolutionary periods are consistently found together | fossils |
| the theory of evolution explains the common occurance of_______ ______ ______ in different organisms | homologous physical structures |
| the _____ ____ of species on earth islands is explained by the theory of evolution | geographic distribution |
| ____ _____ have been carried out in the laboratory and in nature | experimental demonstrations |
| evolution over a short period of time | microevolution |
| evolution over a long period of time | macroevolution |
| only one species; only one geographic; certain time/population | keywords of microevolution |
| form of natural selection that can affect the frequency of alleles in a gene pool | sexual selection |
| movement of genes from one population to another | gene flow |
| the only agent of microevolution that consistenelty acts to adapt organisms to their environments | natural selection |
| moves a given character in a population toward intermediate forms to preserve the status quo | stabilizing selection |
| moves a given character toward one of its extreme forms | directional selection |
| moves a given character toward two extreme forms | disruptive selection |
| alteraion in an organisms DNA | mutation |
| the movement of alleles from one population to another | gene flow |
| chance alteration of gene frequencies in a population | genetic drift |
| occurs when some members of a population mate more often than other members | sexual selection |
| when individuals are more successful in surviving and reproducing | natural selection |
| of other countries(geographic separation) | allopatric |
| other than geographic separation | sympatric |
| putting orgamisns into various categories, factors other than phylogeny, ought to be taken into account | classical taxonomy |
| the only criterion for taxonomic placement is phylogeny | cladistic |
| 4.6 billion years old | earths age |
| 3.8 billion years ago | origin of life |
| 1.2 billion years ago | all life was microscopic and unicellular |
| have worker molecules, information bearing molecules that are used for replication | ribozymes |
| oldest organism on earth | protista |
| fruit bearing | gymnosperm |
| flower bearing | angiosperm |
| first hominin was | lucy |
| there are ___ hominin groups | 6 |
| all 6 hominin groups are extinct except | homo sapiens |
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