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anthro-final

QuestionAnswer
gender the social classification of masculine or feminine
metalinguistics elements of communication beyond verbal speech; includes the use of gesture, personal space, silence, and nonlinguistic sounds
sex roles learned social activities and expectations made on the basis of gender
social networks an informal pattern of organization based on the complex web of social relations linking individuals; includes factors like kinship, friendship, economics, and political ties
sociolinguistics a subfield of anthropological linguistics emphasizing the study of the social correlates to variations in speech patterns
subculture the culture of a subgroup of a society that has its own distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and worldview
asexual without sexual desire, or in terms of sexual identity, someone with no apparent sexual drive
Defense of Marriage Act A federal US law that states that: the federal government may not recognize same-sex or polygamous marriages for any purpose and no state is obliged to recognize a same-sex marriage conducted or recognized in another state; passed by Clinton
Berdache an anthropological term which refers to "two spirit" Native Americans (Native Americans who fulfill mixed gender roles)
third/fourth gender third gender typically refers to male and sometimes female berdaches, while fourth gender only refers to female berdaches
burqa a head-to-toe veil common in Afghanistan, often made of cotton and covering most of the body, including the face
Colonialism the establishment of government of sovereign rules in a territory through political, social, economic, and cultural domination by a foreign power
cultural relativism the principle that all cultural systems are inherently equal in value and, therefore, that each cultural item must be understood on its own terms
ethnocentrism the assumption that one's own group's lifestyle, values, and patterns of adaptation are superior to all others
Islam the religious faith of Muslims who profess belief in Allah as the sole deity and in Mohammad as the prophet of Allah
Muslim an adherent of or believer in Islam
purdah the Hindu or Muslim system of sex segregation, which is practiced by keeping women in seclusion
clitorectomy removal of the clitoris
FGM female genital mutilation or female genital modification
excision 1 of 3 forms of female circumcision; includes clitorectomy and removal of some or all of the labia minora and labia majora
infibulation 1 of 3 forms of FGM; inc. circumcisions and excision, followed by the sewing up of the sides of the vulva so that scar tissue covers the vaginal opening, except for a small gap for urination + menstruation; requiring some surgical opening for sex + birth
neocolonial after the age of colonialism, this refers to continued economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas of people
sunna circumcision 1 of 3 forms of FGM; this procedure includes clitorectomy and sometimes refers only to the cutting of the hood; the name sunna relates the practice to Islamic traditions, although most scholars deny Koranic justification
arable land land suitable for cultivation
corvee a system of required labor; characteristic of ancient states
fraternal polyandry an uncommon form of plural marriage in which a woman is married to two or more brothers at one time
monogamy marriage between one man and one woman at a given time
nuclear family a basic social grouping consisting of a husband and wife and their children, typical of societies with monogamous marriage with the family living at a distance from the parents of the husband and wife
population pressure the situation of population growth in a limited geographical area causing a decline in food production and resources and sometimes triggering technological change
primogeniture a rule of inheritance in which the homestead is padded down to the firstborn (male) child
caste a ranked group, sometimes linked to a particular occupation, with membership determined at birth and with marriage restricted to others within the group
cultural materialism the idea, often associated with Marvin Harris, that cultural behaviors are best explained in relation to material constraints (including food-producing technology) to which humans are subjected
demography the statistical study of human populations, including size, growth, migration, density, distribution, and vital statistics
dowry presentation of goods or money by the bride's family to the bride, the groom, or the groom's family
ethnology the study and explanation of cultural similarities and differences
peasants rural, agricultural populations of state-level societies who maintain parts of their traditional culture while they are tied into the wider economic system of the whole society through economic links of rent, taxes, and markets
sex roles learned social activities and expectations made on the basis of gender
multiple paternity the concept, occurring in several South American cultures, that every man who has intercourse with a woman during her pregnancy contributes to the formation of the child; therefore, a child may have multiple fathers
paleoanthropology the study of disease patterns in extinct populations, primarily through the examination of skeletal remains
affinal related by marriage (as opposed to biology)
kinship a network of culturally recognized relationships among individuals, either through affinial or consanguineal ties
blended family a non-traditional family that may include step children, adopted children, foster children, step parents, step grandparents, and fictive kin
marriage a culturally constructed institution through which interpersonal and usually intimate relationships are sanctioned and recognized by social, religious, and/or government authority
hierarchy the categorization of a group of people according to status, whether it be ascribed at birth or achieved. A hierarchy refers to a group organized in this way
meritocracy a system in which advancement is purportedly based upon ability or achievement of the individual
privilege a special advantage, immunity, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, class, caste, or race. Such advantage may be held consciously or unconsciously and exercised to the exclusion or detriment of others
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and usually transmitted through semen or blood
epidemic higher than normal occurrence of a disease in a particular area
HIV the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS
medical anthropology the study of health and medical systems in a cross-cultural perspective; includes the study of biocultural adaptations to disease, ethnomedical systems, and cultural factors in health-seeking behavior
seropositive testing positive for a given disease (such as HIV infection) based on a blood test
SIDA the Spanish, French, Italian, and Haitian Creole acronym for AIDS
seroprevalence the prevalence (proportion of people infected in a population) of a given disease based on blood tests
transmission passing of an infectious agent to an uninfected person from an infected group or individual
consumable commodity something that can be bought or sold, and then used up
microeconomics small-scale or individual economic decisions and patterns, such as the ways that individuals budget their cell phone expenditures
micropolitics of social inequality small-scale patterns of power between individuals or small groups, the ways that inequalities between people are played out on a personal level
reciprocity a system of mutual interaction involving the regular exchange of goods or services (for example, inviting someone over for dinner because they previously had you over for dinner)
social status a person's level of prestige in society. social status is associated with factors like education and employment as well as higher and lower levels of wealth or power. In the US, for instance doctors tend to have higher of this than cooks at McDonald's
tribe a relatively small, usually horticultural, society organized on principles of kinship, characterized by little social stratification and no centralized political authority and whose members share a culture and language
socialization the development, through the influence of parents and others, of patterns of thought and behavior in children that conform to beliefs and values of a particular culture
commodity products such as food or fuel which can be traded for money or for other products
globalization a contemporary cultural, political, and economic process involving world capitalism by which production and consumption are expanded to be worldwide in scope or application
symbol a sign that consistently but arbitrarily represents an object or meaning; the basis of communication within a culture
status position in a social system that is characterized by certain rights, obligations, expected behaviors (roles), and certain social symbols
cultural pluralism the simultaneous existence of two or more cultural systems within a single society
role dynamic aspect of status, customary performing of the rights and duties associated with a status
ideology formal, articulated system of meanings, values, and beliefs that back up power
domination rule by coercive force
hegemony rule by persuasion
Kshatriya warriors
vaishya merchants
race a folk category of the English language that refers to discrete groups of human beings who are uniformly separated from one another on the basis of arbitrarily selected phenotypic traits
ethnic group a group of people within a larger society with a distinct cultural or historical identity; ethnicity is a common mechanism of social separation in complex, heterogenous societies
class an economically, politically, and socially similar group of people
apartheid a political system giving particular privileges to those of European origin
agency an organization acting as the representative agent of a person or another company
structure the way in which different parts of something link or work together or the fact of being linked together
gender ideology system of thoughts and values that legitimize certain gender roles, statuses, and customary behavior
sacred unquestioned, ritualized values
anthropology of religion see it as a system of symbols that surrounds everyday life and fills, corrects, and completes it and can give ultimate meaning to the situations and changes in peoples' lives
usufruct rights the legal right to use and enjoy the advantages or profits of another's property
marginalization to take or keep somebody or something away from the center of attention, influence, or power
Created by: Jean-O
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