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A&P 1 final
vet 1200 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the system of glands and hormones is called | endocrine system |
| the principal components of cytoplasm are | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, and cytosol |
| what divides the ventral body cavity into the cranial thoraic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity | the diaphragm |
| dynamic equilibrium in the body is called | homeostasis |
| a plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal | transverse |
| what three structures are found in all mammalian cells despite three billion years of evolution | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane |
| the entire animal body is made up of this many basic tissues | 4 |
| ribosomes produce | proteins |
| an example of a macroscopic anatomic part is | muscles |
| what plane is perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse plane | dorsal |
| examples of ligands include | neurotransmitters and hormones |
| located distal to the tarsus on the back of the hind limb | plantar surface |
| located distal to the carpus on the back of the forelimb | palamar surface |
| inflammation of the pleural layers of the abdomen is called | peritonitis |
| this family of molecules can play a vital role in cell to cell recognition or contact signaling | membrane receptors |
| these terms refer to up and down | dorsal and ventral |
| this cell structure modifies, packages, and distributes proteins destined for secretion or intracellular use | golgi apparatus |
| deals with the functions of the body and its parts | physiology |
| deals with the forms and structures of the body and its parts | anatomy |
| single cell, no nucleus, small in size | prokaryotic cell |
| multicellular, nucleated, very large in size | eukaryotic cell |
| the cell memebrane is______ because it allows some molecules in but not others | selectively permeable |
| the lipid bilayer is composed of ____ heads and _____tails | hydrophilic; hydrophobic |
| name all the basic tissue types that make up the body | connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial |
| name the 4 general types of teeth found in a canines mouth | incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
| bottom of the microscope | base |
| supports the oculars and the nosepiece | head or body tube |
| connects the base to the head | arm |
| platform where the slide lies during viewing | stage |
| adjusts the amount of light that passes through the microscope | diaphragm |
| low power(100) | 10X |
| high power(400) | 40X |
| oil immersion(1000) | 100X |
| acts as a flexible boundary between extracellular and intracellular compartments | cell membrane |
| composed of a phospholipid bilayer | cell membrane |
| fine hair like structures on the surface of the cell composed of 9 pairs of mictotubules arranged to encircle a central pair | cilia |
| occur singly and are significantly longer than cilia and are attached to individual cells | flagella |
| inner substance of the cell that has inclusions | cytoplasm |
| fluid of the cell | cytosol |
| power house of the cell that produces 95% of the energy that is used | mitochondria |
| most common organelle in the cell that manufactures a large variety of proteins | ribosome |
| series of flattened tubes stacked on one another and bent into a crescent shape | endoplasmic reticulum |
| have ribosomes on the surface and are involved in protein production | rough E.R |
| connected to the rough E.R lack ribosomes but are active in the synthesis and storage of lipids | smooth E.R |
| specialized vesicle formed by the G.A that is considered the shredder of the cell | lysosome |
| membranous sacs containing enzymes that use oxygen to detoxify the cell of many harmful substances | peroxisome |
| assist in the conversion of free radicals to hydrogen peroxide | peroxidases |
| assist to reduce hydrogen peroxide to water | catalases |
| considered the postal department of the cell | golgi apparatus |
| small, hollow cylinders composed of microtubles that are visible during cell division | centrioles |
| largest organelle in the cell and is considered the control center | nucleus |
| separates the nucleus from the cytosol | nuclear envelope |
| not membrane bound, contains the DNA that controls the synthesis of rRNA | nucleolus |
| has the bases A/T, G/C, formed of double helix, deoxyribose | DNA |
| has the bases A/U, G/C, formed of single helix, ribose | RNA |
| there are ___ types of RNA | 3 |
| regulates protein synthesis and other molecular reactions in the cell, made up of DNA and globular proteins | chromatin |
| acids release____ in solutions and bases release____ | hydrogen ions; hydroxyl ions |
| the somatic cell is actively dividing during | mitotic phase |
| certain chemicals, some viruses, and ionizing radiation are considered to be | mutagens |
| the process of building new protein using the information on the mRNA molecule is called | translation |
| a neutral solution has a ph of | 7 |
| the end of telophase is marked by | cytokinesis |
| exocytosis of waste products is called | excretion |
| kinetic movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration | passive diffusion |
| carrier proteins in the cell membrane assist in moving larger molecules into the cell | facilitated diffusion |
| passive movement of water through a semipermiable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution | osmosis |
| liquids will be pushed through the membrane if the pressure on one side is greater than the other | filtration |
| the force that pushes the liquid infiltration | hydrostatic pressure |
| transport of molecules through the membrane that require energy in the form of ATP | active transport |
| brings nutrients into the cell and ejects waste | cytosis |
| growth 1, synthesis, and growth 2 are subgroups of | interphase |
| chromatin condense to form chromosomes, centrioles anchor and form the mitotic spindle | prophase |
| chromosomes line up in the center of the spindle on the metaphase plate | metaphase |
| chromosomes are pulled apart, cell is elongated and cytoplasm constricts at the metaphase plate | anaphase |
| chromosomes unravel to chromotin and nuclear envelope appears | telophase |
| marks the end of telophase | cytokinesis |
| reproductive cells divide by | meiosis |
| somatic cells divide by | mitosis |
| DNA>mRNA>protein in the nucleus | transcription |
| DNA+RNA>protein in the cytoplasm | translation |
| extracellular fluid has the same concentration of dissolved substances as intracellular fluid | isotonic |
| the extracellular fluid is more concentrated than the intracellular fluid | hypertonic |
| the intracellular fluid is more concentrated than the extracellular fluid | hypotonic |
| engulfing solid material | phagocytosis |
| water drinking | pinocytosis |
| DNA that is wrapped with protein | chromatin |
| segment of DNA | gene |
| condensed form of chromatin | chromosome |
| two proteins that control contact inhibition and growth inhibiting release | cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases |
| these glands package their secretions into granular units and release them via exocytosis | merocrine glands |
| polar with apical and basal surfaces, connected by junctional complexes, avascular, innervated | 4 characteristic of epithelia |
| fusion of the outter most layers of the plasma membrane | tight junction |
| strong welded plaque which connects the plasma membrane | desmosome |
| linked by tubular channel proteins called connexons | gap junctions |
| foundation of the cell that is a nonliving mesh work of fibers that cements the cell to underlying tissues | basement membrane |
| store granules until the apex is full then the cell pinches in two and releases the apex into the cell | apocrine |
| store granules until the cell is full then the whole cell is released | holocrine |
| watery secretions with high concentrations of enzymes | serous |
| secretions that are thick, viscous, and composed of glycoproteins | mucous |
| large irregularly shaped cells that manufacture and secrete both the fibers and ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix | fibroblast |
| the most common and rigid type of cartilage in the body | hyaline cartilage |
| histamine and heparin are released by | mast cells |
| type of membrane that lines the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive, tracts | mucous |
| type of membrane that lines the body cavities that aren't exposed to the outside environment | serous |
| type of membrane that covers the outter regions of the body | cutaneous |
| type of membrane that lines the cavities that surround the joints | synovial |
| structure that acts as a partial barrier between the epithelial cell and the underlying connective tissue | basement membrane |
| primary function of leukocytes | fight infection |
| condition characterized by spaces in areolar tissue becoming filled with an excess amount of body fluid is the result of a pahtologic insult | edema |
| presence of effusion in the peritoneal space of the abdominopelvic cavity | ascities |
| when an abnormally large amount of fluid enters a cavity | effusion |
| voluntary, striated, large cells, contain hundreds of nuclei and mitochondria | skeletal muscle |
| involuntary, striated, specialized pacemaker cells | cardiac muscle |
| involuntary, non striated, found in the walls of hollow organs | smooth muscle |
| fragile and thin, found lining surfaces involved in passage of gas or liquid | simple squamous |
| single layer of cube shaped cells occur where secretion and absorption take place | simple cubodial |
| elongated and closely packed together found in excretory ducts | simple columnar |
| multilayered, protects underlying tissues, found where mechanical and chemical stress occur | stratified squamous |
| two layers of cubodial cells, found along large excretory ducts | stratified cuboidal |
| very rare, two layers of columnar cells, | stratified columnar |
| false stratified, found in respiratory tract | pseudostratified columnar |
| found in areas of the body required to expand and contract normally | transitional epithelium |
| no ducts, produce and secret hormones into the bloodstream | endocrine gland |
| glands that do not contain ducts | exocrine gland |
| unicellular exocrine gland, ductless | goblet cell |
| main duct is unbranched | simple ducts |
| main duct is branched | compound duct |
| secretory cells form a long channel of even width | tubular |
| secretory unit forms a rounded sac | alveolar |
| contains both tubular and alveolar quantities | tubularalveolar |
| composed of fiber, holds body together and gives support, most abundant tissue type by weight | connective tissue |
| composed of nonliving extracelllular matrix that provides structural and nutritional support | connective tissue |
| white, strong, thick strands of collagen found in tendons and ligaments | collagenous fibers |
| thin delicate branched networks of collagen found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers, and capillaries | reticular fibers |
| branched networks of protein elastic that occurs in tissues subject to stretching | elastic fibers |
| medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the blood stream | ground substance |
| involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix | fixed cells |
| involved in the protection and repair | wandering cells |
| initiate the inflammatory response | mast cells |
| areolar, reticular, and adopose tissues are | loose connective tissues |
| tightly packed arrangement of collagen fibers | dense connective tissue |
| loose, surrounds every organ, forms sq layer of skin, present in all mucous membranes | areolar connective tissue |
| loose, network of thin reticular fibers, forms the stroma | reticular connective tissue |
| loose, acts as energy storehouse and thermal insulator | adipose tissue |
| found throughout the adult animal | white adipose tissue |
| found in newborns and animals that hibernate | brown adipose tissue |
| composed of tightly packed parallel collagen fibers, makes up tendons and ligaments | dense regualar |
| composed of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles, forms tough capsule of joints | dense irregualr |
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes | blood |
| component of connective tissue that acts as a shock absorbing cushion and helps to protect more delicate cells | ground substance |
| the matrix of blood | plasma |
| granulation tissue is composed of collagen fibers made by | fibroblasts |
| the word used to describe the movement of leukocytes through walls of tiny blood vessels | diapedesis |
| found in the joints, ear, nose, and vocal cords | cartilage |
| composed of closely packed collagen, most common type found in body | hyaline cartilage |
| contains thick bundles of collagen fibers, found in spaces between vertebra, bones in the pelvic girdle and knee joint | fibro cartilage |
| composed of elastic fibers in dense branching bundles, flexible, found in epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
| moves the body inside and out, composed of actin and myosin | muscles |
| found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, control body functions | nervous tissue |
| longest cells in the body | neurons |
| the cell body of the neuron that contains the nucleus | perikaryon |
| short cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron that recieves impulses | dendtives |
| long, single extensions of the neuron that conduct impulses away from the cell body | axon |
| support the neurons | neuroglial cells |
| the measurement of the amount of energy that could be acquired from a nutrient molecule | kilocalorie(calorie) |
| the six categories of nutrients | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals |
| nutrients that the body can not make that are obtained through dietary intake | essential nutrients |
| the percentage of absorbable protein that is avaliable for productive body functions | biological value of proteins |
| the stage of cellular respiration that produces the majority of ATP for the cell | electron transport chain |
| these minerals function to give bones strength | calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium |
| the citric acid cycle occurs in | the mitochondria |
| this is a byproduct of stage 1 of catabolism | ATP |
| carbohydrates are divided into 3 catagories: | sugars, starches, cellulose |
| glucose is readily used to make ATP through a process called | glycolysis |
| what organ is most sensitive to glucose levels | the brain |
| four major categories of lipids | neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids |
| triglycerides, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids | neutral fats |
| two fatty acids attached to the glycerol extending one direction | phospholipids |
| take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings | steroids |
| used in the formation of bile salts and to aid in fat digestion | cholesterol |
| keeps the fluidity and rigidity of the plasma membrane | cholesterol |
| formed from a 20in fatty acid and a ring structure | eicosanoids |
| consists of protaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes | eicosanoids |
| essential fatty acid that must be avaliable in the diet that is found in vegetables | linolic acid |
| the building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| a basic amine group, organic acid group, and an R group | composition of amino acids |
| what links two amino acids together | dehydration synthesis |
| links the carboxyl group to the amino group | peptide bond |
| a short chain of two amino acids | dipeptides |
| a chain of three amino acids | tripeptiedes |
| a chain of ten or more amino acids | polypeptides |
| a chain of 100 or more amino acids | protein |
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