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Locomotion&Support
ASCI112Midterm3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Hydrostatic Skeleton | supports body form, provides resistance for the contraction of muscles to act against to allow mobility |
| Source of Hydrostatic Skeleton | Some organisms use their fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity, others use their fluid filled coelom or pseudocoelom |
| Exoskeleton | External Skeleton |
| Molluscs | composed of calcium carbonate |
| Arthropods | composed of chitin |
| Endoskeleton | internal skeleton |
| Echinoderms and vertabrates | mineralized bone and cartilage, endoskeleton |
| Benefits of endoskeletons | does not limit space for internal organs, supports greater weight |
| Benefits of jointed endoskeletons | can grow with the animal, supports the weight of a large animal, protects vital internal organs, is protected by outer tissues, allows flexible movements |
| Functions of the skeletal system | supports the body, protects internal organs,provides sites for muscle attachment, permits movement, storage ions (bones store calcium and phosphate ions) produces blood cells (certain bones produce red blood cells) |
| osteoblasts | "blastos" germ/seed, synthesize new bone matrix |
| osteoclasts | "clasts" break, dissolve bone matrix |
| osteocytes | "cyte" cell osteoblasts that become caught in the matrix, in lacunae, connected by canaliculi |
| canaliculi | microscopic canals between ossified lacunae |
| cartilage structures | act as models for future bones |
| calcium salts | are deposited in matrix by cartilage cells and later by osteoblasts |
| osteoclasts | break down bone, remove worn cells, deposit calcium in the blood, work with osteoblasts |
| osteoblasts | work to heal broken bones |
| anatomy of a long bone | medullary cavity in center bounded by compact bones at the sides, spongy bones at the ends |
| compact bone | unit of structure called osteon, concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal, osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries |
| spongy bone | numerous bars and plates separated by irregular spaces, spaces filled with red bone marrow |
| red bone marrow | produces blood cells |
| myostatin mutation "double muscling" | excessive growth of muscles |
| skeletal muscles | attached to the skeleon by bands of fibrous connective tissue |
| tendons | bands of fibrous connective tissue arranged in antagonistic pairs |
| skeletal muscles can only | pull, cannot push |
| when one muscle contracts, it | stretches its antagonistic partner |
| a muscle at rest exhibits | tone (minimal contraction) |
| a muscle in ____________ is at maximum sustained contration | tetany |
| sarcomere | basic unit of muscle |
| sarcoplasm | interior contents of a muscle cell, including glycosomes, myoglobin, and calcium |
| sarcolemma | cellular membrane of a muscle cell, includes the plasma membrane and an outer coat made up of a polysaccharide/collagen matrix which connects to tendon fibers at the distal ends |
| muscles are collections of numerous multinucleated cells commonly called | "fibers" |
| these cells have longitudinal bundles in their cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) called | sarcomeres |
| sarcomeres contain the proteins | actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament) |
| actin | thin filament |
| myosin | thick filament |
| actin molecules are bound to the __________ | Z-line |
| z-line | edge of sarcomere |
| myosin head can bind to both | ATP and actin |
| actin filaments are found | at both ends of sarcomere |
| actin filaments are attached to | the z line and suspended to the other end in sarcoplasm |
| myosin filaments are suspended | between z lines |
| when a muscle fiber contracts, actin filaments _________________ __________ the myosin filaments and approach one another | slide past |
| when a muscle fiber contracts, the z lines ____________________, sarcomeres ____________, and the filaments _______________ _______ _________ length | move toward each other, shorten, remain the same length |
| working muscles require ________ | ATP |
| myosin filaments break down _____ and form crossbridges that pull ________ filaments toward the center of the ____________ | ATP, actin, sarcomere |
| sustained exercise require ____________ __________________ to regenerate ATP | cellular respiration |
| nueromuscular junction is the | synaptic contact between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber |
| nerve impulses cause a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to be | released and cross the synaptic cleft |
| acetylcholine | a nuerotransmitter, signals the muscle fiber to contract |
| Role of Calcium in muscle contraction | calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, then binds with troponin |
| troponin | regulates the position of tropomyosin |
| tropomyosin | can block myosin binding sites on actin filaments |
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