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A&P 1-6/7
Vet 1200- 1st/2nd/3rd Lectures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 3 types of muscles | cardiac, smooth, and skeletal |
| the most stable attachment of muscle | the origin of muscle |
| the site of most muscle movement | insertion |
| what ion is released from the SCR by a nerve impulse, starts the contraction process | Ca++ |
| what are the 3 phases of muscle contraction | latent phase, contracting phase, relaxtion phase |
| how long does latent phase last | 0.01 seconds |
| how long does contracting phase last | 0.04 seconds |
| how long does relaxation phase last | 0.05 seconds |
| the fiber like shape of cells | muscle fiber |
| most of the volume of muscle fiber that is made up of small strands | muscle myofibril |
| actin and myosin that make up myofibril | muscle protein filament |
| stores O2 and attaches to a large protein and brings O2 to body tissues | myoglobin |
| the firm end to end attachments between cardiac cells that transmit impulses allowing cardiac muscles to contract | intercalated discs |
| what is the pacemaker of the heart | the sinoatrial node (SA node) |
| increases HR, increases force of muscle contractions, causes vasodilation | sympathetic nervous system |
| reduces HR, reduces vasodilation | parasympathetic nervous system |
| found in the soft internal organs | visceral smooth muscle |
| found where small delicate contractions are needed | multiunit smooth muscle |
| attachment sites for actin and myosin in smooth muscle cells | a sarcomere |
| decreases smooth muscle motility, secretions, and blood flow | sympathetic |
| increases smooth muscle motility, secretions, and blood flow | parasympathetic |
| moves bones, multiple nuclei, striated, long thin cells, nerves necessicary for function, voluntary control | skeletal muscle |
| pumps blood, single nuclei, striated, branched cells, modifies activity, involuntary | cardiac muscle |
| produces movement in internal organs, single nuclei, no striations, modifies activity, spindle cells, multi unit, invountary | smooth muscle |
| consists of 37-38 seperate bones | skull |
| jagged immovable joints of the skull | sutures |
| only moveable bone of the skull | mandible(lower jaw) |
| large hole where medulla oblongata and ateries enter the cranium | foramen magnum |
| one on each side of foramen magnum; join with atlas | occipital condyles(2) |
| form dorsolaterla walls of the cranium | parietal bones (2) |
| on dorsal midline between the occipital/parietal bones; cats and horses only have | interparietal bones (2) |
| form the forhead, part of the orbit | frontal bones (2) |
| form the lateral walls of the cranium | temporal bones (2) |
| plate through which branches of the olfactory nerve pass through | ethmoid bone |
| forms the ventral part of the cranium | sphenoid bone |
| proptosis | pop out |
| aptosis | cell death |
| three bones of the ear | malleus, incus, stapes |
| house the upper incisors | incisive bones (2) |
| form the bridges of the nose | Nasal bones (2) |
| make up most of the upper jaw; forms the hard palate | maxillary bones (2) |
| form part of the orbit | lacrimal bones (2) |
| front side of temporal bone forms part of the orbit | zygomtic bones (2) |
| four thin scroll like bones that act as humidifiers | turbinates (4) |
| composes cadual portion of the hard palate | palatine bones (2) |
| support part of the lateral walls of the throat | pterygoid bones (2) |
| c7, t13, L7, s3, c6-23 | dog vertebral formula |
| c7, t13, L7, s3, c 20-23 | cat vertebral formula |
| c7, t18, L6, s5, c15-20 | horse vertebral formula |
| forms the floor of the thorax | sternum |
| closes the jaw | masseter muscle |
| exten the head and neck | trapezius and splenius muscles |
| extends the head and neck and pulls the front leg forward | brachiocephalicus muscle |
| flexes the head and neck | sternocephalicus muscle |
| supports the abdominal organs/ flexes vertebral column | external abdominal oblique muscle |
| helps flex the back | internal abdominal oblique muscle |
| participate in various functions that involve straining | transversus abdominus muscle |
| play a role in respiration | rectus abdominal muscle |
| flexes the shoulder | latissimus dorsi muscle |
| adduct the front legs | pectoral muscles(deep and superficial) |
| abducts and flexes the shoulder joint | deltoid muscle |
| flexes the elbow joint | biceps brachii |
| extends the elbow joint | triceps brachii |
| extends the carpus | extensor carpi radialis muscle |
| flexes the digit | deep digital flexor muscle |
| extensor muscle of the hip | gluteal muscle |
| main extensor muscle of the stifle joint | quadriceps femoris muscle |
| hamstring group of muscles | biceps femoris, senitendinous, semimembranosus muscles |
| raises the floor of the mouth | mylohyoideus |
| opens the mouth | digastric |
| the first cervical vertebra that holds up the head | atlas |
| the second cervical vertebra | axis |
| have tall spinous processes and lateral articualr facets that form the joints with the ribs | thoracic vertebrae |
| have large bulky bodies | lumbar vertebrae |
| fuse together to form a solid structure | sacral vertebrae |
| most caudal bones of the tail; number varies widely | coccygeal vertebrae |
| the distal seasemoid bone is termed | navicular bone |
| articular joint surfaces are | bone to bone |
| speherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone | head |
| flat articular surface of a bone | facet |
| projections off a bone surface | processes |
| large round articular surface | condyle |
| depressed area on the surface of a bone | fossa |
| hole in a bone that may contain blood vessels and nerves | foramen |
| flat triangular bone of the shoulder | scapula |
| prominent longitudinal ridge on the lateral surgace of the scapula | spine of the scapula |
| shallow concave surface forming the socket of the shoulder joint | glenoid cavity |
| collar bone | clavicle |
| long bone of the upper arm | humerus |
| another term for the upper arm | brachium |
| located on the proximal end of the humerus; considered the ball of the shoulder joint | head of the humerus |
| this allows a pulley like movement of the elbow | humeral condyle |
| first bone of the forearm; main weight bearing bone | radius |
| another term for forearm | antebrachium |
| second bone of the forearm; long and thin servies mainly for muscle attachment and formation of the elbow joint | ulna |
| large process on proximal ulna that forms the point of the elbow | olecranon process |
| the two rows of short bones arranged parallel to each other located in the distal forelimb | carplal bones |
| horse carpus is termed | the knee |
| human carpus is termed | the wrist |
| pigs and horses have ___ carpal bones | 8 |
| cats and dogs have ___ carpal bones | 7 |
| ruminants are missing the ____ carpal bone and the ___ and ___ are fused | first; second and third |
| extend from the distal row of carpal bones to the proximal phalanges | metacarpal bones |
| there are 5 metacarpal bones that are labeled I-V from ____ to ____ | medial; lateral |
| each digit is made up of two or three bones called | phalanges |
| hard outter coverings of the distal digits | claws |
| horses have ____ digits | one |
| evolutionary remnants of digits | dewclaws |
| in the dog the dewclaw is the ___ digit | first |
| in the cow, pig, and sheep the medical and lateral dewclaws are the ___ and ____ digits | second and fifth |
| one large metacarpal bone that supports the weight of the horse | cannon bone |
| two smaller vestigial metacarpal bones that are situated behind the cannon bones | splint bones |
| metacarpals II and IV are termed ___ in the horse | splint bones |
| metacarpal III is termed ___ in the horse | cannon bone |
| joint of the metacarpal and proximal phalanx | fetlock joint |
| joint of the proximal and middle phalanx | pastern joint |
| joint of the distal and middle phalanx | coffin joint |
| a bone embedded within a tendon and found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint | sesamoid bone |
| six total bones that are fused together form the | pelvis |
| two halves of the pelvis joined ventrally by cartilagenous joint called the | pelvic symphysis |
| forward-most bone of the pelvis that you put your hands on | llium |
| caudal-most bone on the pelvis that you sit on | ischium |
| smallest pelvic bone, located medially | pubis |
| socket for the head of the femur "hip joint" | acetabulum |
| two large holes located on either side of the pelvis where sciatic nerve runs through | obturator foramen |
| long bone of the thigh | femur |
| proximal end of the femoral head forms the | hip joint |
| large processes of the femur | trochaters |
| distal end of the femur forms | stifle joint |
| smooth articular groove in which the patella rides | trochlea |
| largest sesamoid bone in the body | patella |
| two small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastroc muscle | fabellae |
| main weight bearing bone of the lower leg | tibia |
| triangular proximal end of tibia with apex of trial facing forward | tibial tuberosity |
| distal end of tibia; medial aspect | medial mallelos |
| distal end of tibia "knob" on medial aspect | ankle |
| runs along the length of tibia but does not support weight | fibula |
| distal end of fibula; lateral aspect | lateral mallelous |
| lateral "knob" of fibula | ankle |
| two rows of short bones located in the pelvic limb | tarsal bones |
| first row of tarsal bones have these names | tibial tarsal, centarl tarsal, fibular tarsal |
| second row of tarsal bones are___ | numbered |
| fibular tarsal bone has the | calcaneal tuberosity |
| projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock | calcaneus |
| calcaneus is the insertion point for the | achilles tendon |
| almost exactly the same as the metacarpal bones but are located in the pelvic limb | metatarsal bones |
| dogs/cats usuall have ___ digits in the hind paws | 4 |
| viseral bone in the penis of a dog | os penis |
| viseral bone that supports the valves of the heart in sheep and cattle | os cordis |
| viseral bone the gives more strength in the snout in swine | os rostri |
| junctions between bones that can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely moveable | joints |
| the study of joints | arthrology |
| there are ___ general types of joints | 3 |
| immovable joints that are firmly united by fibrous tissue | synarthroses/fibrous |
| slightly moveable joints that are capable of only a slight rocking movement | amphiarthroses/cartliagenous |
| freely moveable joints and considered the true joint | synovial/diarthroses |
| smooth surfaces of bones where they rub together in a joint | articular surfaces |
| thin layer of hyaline cartilar that covers the articular surface | articular cartilage |
| fluid filled space between joint surfaces | joint cavity |
| surrounds joint cavity and has two layers | joint capsule |
| outer layer of joint capsule | fibrous tissue |
| inner layer lining the joint capsule | synovial membrane |
| attach muscle to bone | tendons |
| attach bone to bone | ligaments |
| decreases the angle between two bones | flexion |
| increases angle between two bones | extension |
| movement of extremity toward medial plane of the body | adduction |
| movement of extremtiy away from median plane of the body | abduction |
| twisting movement of a part on its axis | rotation |
| movement of extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle | circumduction |
| one joint surface swivels around another; ony flexion and extension are possible | hinge joints |
| rocking motion of one bone on the other; flexion/extension possible with some adduction/abduction | gliding joints |
| one bone pivots on another; rotaion is the only movement possible | pivot joints |
| allow most extensive movement; all synovial joint movements possible | ball and socket joint |
| supports the trunk and depresses the scapula | serratus ventralis |
| flexes the elbow and extends the shoulder | biceps brachii |
| flexes the elbow | brachialis |
| extends the elbow and flexes the shoulder | triceps brachii |
| extends the shoulder | supraspinatus |
| flexes the shoulder/abducts the limb | infraspinatus |
| adducts the limb/rotates forearm | subscapularis |
| extends hip/flexes stifle/ extends tarsus | biceps femoris |
| flexes hip/extends stifle/ | sartorius |
| adducts limb/flexes stifle/extends hip and hock | gracilis |
| adducts limbs | pectineus |
| extends the hip | semimembranosus |
| extends hip/flexes stifle/ extends tarsus | semitendinosus |
| extends stifle/flexes hip | quadriceps femoris |
| the most cranial had of the quadriceps femoris | rectus femoris |
| muscle lateral to the rectus femoris | vastus lateralis |
| muscle medial to the rectuss femoris | vastus medialis |
| muscle caudal to the rectus femoris | vastus intermedius |
| diaphram and external intercostal muscles | inspiratory muscles |
| internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles | expiratory muscles |
| hardest substance in the body | bone |
| capable of repairing itself after injury | bone |
| made up of collagen fibers embedded in a protein and polysaccharides | matrix |
| functions of bone | support, protection, leverage, storage, blood cell formation |
| light, spongy, extremely strong type of bone | cancellous bone |
| dense, heavy, composed of the haversian system, found in the shafts of long bones | compact bone |
| concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal | haversian canal |
| blood, lymph vessels, and nerves supply these | osteocytes |
| bone-cell or bone-capsule termed an osteocyte | lacuna |
| a star shaped cell that is most abundant cell found in compact bone | osteocyte |
| mature bone cell | osteocyte |
| canals in the haversian canal | canaliculi |
| never contains more than one osteocyte | lacuna |
| membrane that covers the outer surface of bones | periosteum |
| membrane that lines the hollow interior surface of bones, also contains osteoblasts | endosteum |
| immature bone cells that produce bone to harden the matrix | osteoblasts |
| bone cells that are surrounded by bone, considered mature bone cell | osteocytes |
| remodel/remove bone, allow body to withdraw calcium from the bone when levels are low in the body | osteoclasts |
| channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels | volkmann canals |
| enter at right angles into the periosteum | volklmann canals |
| canals that are vertical in bone tissue | central/haversian canals |
| canals that are perpendicular in bone tissue | volkmann canals |
| grows into and replaces cartilage | endochondral bone formation |
| develops from fibrous tissue membranes | intramembranous bone formation |
| primary growth center of endochondral bone formation | diaphysis |
| secondary growth center of endochondral bone formation | epiphysis |
| shaft of the cartilage rod | diaphysis |
| ends of the cartilage rods | epiphysis |
| occurs in certain skull bones, creates the flat bones | intramembranous bone formation |
| longer than wide | lone bones |
| majority of our bones | long bones |
| proximal and distal epiphysis | long bones |
| shaped like small cubes | short bones |
| spongy bone covered by compact bone | short bones |
| thin and flat | flat bones |
| cancellous bones sandwiched between two compact bones | flat bones |
| skull, scapulae, and pelvis | flat bones |
| femur | long bone |
| carpal and tarsal bones | short bones |
| vertebrae, sesamoid, patella | irregualr bones |
| majority of bone marrow of young animals, forms blood cells | red bone marrow |
| consists of adipose connective tissue, most common in adult animals | yellow bone marrow |
| smooth areas of compact bone that come in contact with each other | articular surfaces |
| large round articular surfaces | condyle |
| spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone | head |
| flat articular surface of a bone | facet |
| projections off a bone surface | processes |
| hole in a bone that may contain blood vessels and nerves | foramen |
| depressed area on the surface of a bone | fossa |
| bones of the head and trunk that are located on the central axis of the body | axial skeleton |
| bones of the limbs | appendicular skeleton |
| bones formed in the viscera | visceral skeleton |
| voluntary, striated, muscles | skeletal muscles |
| involuntary, striated, found in the heart | cardiac muscles |
| involuntary, unstriated, blood vessels and organs | smooth muscle |
| fibrous connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone | tendons |
| connective tissue that surrounds many bundles of muscles | fascia |
| attach by broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue | aponeuroses |
| most prominent aponeurosis, common site of surgical entry into the abdomen | linea alba |
| proximal attachment that is the more stable site of muscle attachment | origin |
| distal attachment that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts | insertion |
| when stimulated by a nerve impulse, a muscle contracts or shortens | action |
| drugs that bind to receptors and produce stimulatory responses | agonists |
| drugs that prevent agonists from binding to receptors | antagonists |
| a muscle or muscle group that directly produces a desired movement | prime mover(agonist) |
| a muscle or muscle group that directly opposes the action of a prime mover | antagonist |
| a muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assist in carrying out the action | synergist |
| muscles that stabilize joints | fixator |
| origin and insertion sites sometimes used to name muscles | attachment sites |
| very large, multinucleated, composed of actin and myosin, multiple mitochondria | skeletal muscle |
| thin actin filaments | t bands |
| thick myosin filaments | a bands |
| basic contracting unit of skeletal muscle | sacromere |
| sites where the ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers | neuromuscular junction |
| ending of the axon | presynaptic terminal |
| muscle cell | postsynaptic terminal |
| small space between the end of nerve and muscle fibers | synaptic space |
| tiny sacs within the end of a nerve fiber | synaptic vesicle |
| sacroplasmic reticulim stores what kind of ions | calcium ions |
| individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or not at all | all or nothing principle |
| energy source for muscle contraction | ATP |
| molecule that causes the addition of a P group onto ADP to make ATP | creatine phosphate |
| glucose is stored in muscle fibers in the form of | glycogen |
| o2 is stored in muscle fibers attached to a protein called | myoglobin |
| as long as o2 supply is adequate for energy needs ____ takes place | aerobic metabolism |
| if need for o2 is greateer than what is avaliable for energy needs ____ takes place | anaerobic metabolism |
| anaerobic metabolism will result in the production of______ causing muscle soreness | lactic acid |
| if heat production exceeds body needs____ will eliminate excess heat | panting |
| if heat production is less than what the body needs_____ will increase production | shivering |
| large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs | visceral smooth muscle |
| small discrete groups of cells | multiunit smooth muscle |
| small, spidle shaped cells, singel nucleus, actin and myosin filaments | smooth muscle cells |
| found in stomach, intestins, urinary bladder... contracts in large rythmic waves, parasympathetic stimulation increases activity, synpathetic stimulation decreases activity | visceral smooth muscle |
| individual smooth muscle cells, or small groups of cells, found where delicate contractions are needed... iris, contration requires autonomic nervous system impulse | multiunit smooth muscle |
| small cells, single nucleus, contact without external stimulation, contrations are rapid and wave like | cardiac muscle |
| attachments between cardiac cells | intercalated disks |
| generates the impulse that starts each heartbeat, located in the right atrium | sinoatrial node |
| stimulate the heart to beat harder and faster as part of a "fight or flight" response | sympathetic fibers |
| inhibit cardiac function causing the heart to beat more slowly and with less force | parasympathetic fibers |
| formed externally by the sternocephalic and brachiocephalic muscles | jugular groove |
| contains the jugular vein and carotid artery | jugular groove |
| sheet of fbrous connective tissue | fascia |
| the muscle of mastication | masseter |
| striated muscles are located in the | heart and skeletal muscle |
| these muscle cells have single nuclei | smooth and cardiac |
| the large muscle group of caudal aspect of the canine lower hind limb | gastroncnemius |
| the triceps brachii group has ___ heads | 3 |
| deltoid muscles allow fine movements of the | shoulder |
| the muscle that lies along the outer thorax and looks like a fan of fingers or jagged saw edge | serratus ventralis |
| prolonged inactivity of use will cause a decrease in muscle size | atrophy |
| function of the muscle of the quadriceps femoris | extension of the stifle |
| the neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates are considered to be a | motor unit |
| this muscle raises the hackles on a dogs back | arrector pili |
| muscle fibers are held together by connective tissue and enclosed in a sheet of fibrous membrane | aponeurosis |
| a muscle whose movement increases the angle between two bones | extensor |
| extensive aponeurosis that covers the lower back to join the superficial muscles in that area | lumbodorsal fascia |
| the gluteal muscle group includes the | gluteus medius and maximus and the tensor fascia lata |
| muscle that is found in the midventral abdominal area on either side of the linea alba extending from the pubis to the sternum | rectus abdominis |
| this muscle can be observed from the medical surface of the thigh | gracilis |
| chief action of the quadriceps femoris group | extend the stifle |
| action of a muscle that moves an extremity toward the midline | adduction |
| this muscle is the main extensor of the elbow | triceps brachium |
| chief action of the biceps brachium | flexion of the elbow |
| muscles that attach to skin and are responsible for its movement | cutaneous muscles |
| triangular and flat muscle originates along the dorsal midline and inserts mainly on the spine of the scapula | trapezius |
| this muscle is the main adductor of the shoulder | pectoralis |
| the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are the____ group | hamstring |
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