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chap 6,7,8,15 & 20
Bio 1100- e3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the ultimate source of energy | the sun |
| the meaning of stored energy | potential energy |
| the meaning of energy in motion | kinetic energy |
| the study of energy | thermodynamics |
| energy is never created of destroyed only transfered | 1st law of thermodynamics |
| energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe | 2nd law of thermodynamics |
| in every energy transaction: | some energy will be lost to the most disordered form of energy, heat |
| measure of the amount of disorder | entropy |
| the greater the ____; the greater the _____ | entropy; disorder |
| can store or release energy | ATP |
| NTP | nucleoside tri-phosphastes |
| ATP | triphosphaste |
| ADP | diphosphate |
| AMP | monophosphate |
| ____ & _____ can be interconverted | ADP; ATP |
| external cellular respiration bc of o2 | is from the lungs |
| internal cellular respiration bc of o2 | is in the cell |
| reactions in which the products of the reaction contains more energy than the reactants; making energy | endergonic (uphill) |
| reactions in which the reactants contain more energy than the products; breaking down energy | exergonic (downhill) |
| enzyme properties | 1. Proteins 2. Catalysts 3. Not destroyed in the process 4. Enzyme + Substrate= product 5. ASE= prefix of all enzymes |
| lactose> glucose> + galactose | lactase |
| Sucrose> glucose + fructose | Sucrase |
| nucleotides > RNA | RNA polymerase |
| nucleotides > DNA | DNA polymerase |
| series of enzyme reactions is termed a | metabolic pathway |
| sum of all chemical reactions | metabolism |
| where the substrate binds to an enzyme | active site |
| vitamins that act as acessory molecules | coenzyems |
| reduction in the activity of an enzyme by means of a compound | competitive inhibition |
| molecule binds with the enzyme at a site other than the active site | allosteric regulation |
| chymotrypsin | digestive enzyme produced in the human pancreas |
| gather energy from sunlight | photosynthetic orgamisms |
| gather energy from their food | animals |
| energy removed from glucose during its breakdown is used to make | ATP |
| loss of electrons | oxidation |
| gain of electrons | reduction |
| most important carrier between one part of the energy harvesting process and another electron carrier | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) |
| through redox reaction NAD picks up one hydrogen atom and another single electron from food to make | NADH |
| empty; oxidized; low energy form of electron carrier | NAD |
| loaded with electrons; reduced; high energy | NADH |
| harvesting of energy from food | cellular respiration |
| glycolysis | 1. 1st step of carb metabolism 2. happens in the cytosol 3. 2 pyruvate molecules 4. 2 net ATP 5. 2 NADH produced |
| produces 32 ATP | oxidative phosphoiliation; electron transport chain |
| acetyl COA | allows carbs, protiens, and lipids to pass through |
| 2 pyruvate molecules combined with coenzyme A and formed in the mitochondria create | 2 acetyl CoA molecules |
| takes place in the mitochondria; begins with 2 acetyl CoA; remnants of glucose are fully oxidized to form CO2 | Krebs cycle |
| from 2 acetyl CoA the following are produced | 6 NADH & 2 FADH |
| ADP > ATP= | ATP synthase |
| step 1 of electron transport chain | NAD carry the charge |
| step 2 of electron transport chain | 2H + 1/2 02= H2O (formation of water by oxidation) |
| step 3 of electron transport chain | ATP synthase |
| in fermentation _____ is the only energy yielding process | glycolysis |
| fermentation makes ____ ATP | 2 |
| glycolysis produces ____ & _____ | ATP; NADH |
| partial degradation of sugars that occurs with out O2 | fermentation |
| consumes organic molescules and O2 and yields ATP | Aerobic respiration |
| similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 | anaerobic respiration |
| the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae | chloroplasts |
| light reactions and calvin cycle are the components of | photosynthesis |
| occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts | calvin cycle |
| the product of photosynthesis | G3P= sugar |
| _____ is converted into sugars, starches, and proteins | G3P |
| the process by which yeast produce alcohol as a bi-product of glycolysis | alcoholic fermentation |
| when pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid | lactic fermentation |
| the energy recquired to initiate a chemical reaction | activation energy |
| pores in a plant cell that let carbon dioxide pass through | stomata |
| network of chloroplasts membranes | thylakoids |
| liquid material of the chloraplasts | stroma |
| pigmentation of thylakoid membranes | chlorophyll |
| collects solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy during photosynthesis | photosystem |
| the molecules and associated compounds that first recieve the solar energy then transform it into chemical energy | reaction center |
| the steps in the first stages of photosynthesis | light reactions |
| the process of gas being incorporated into an organic molecule | fixation |
| contains genetic material such as DNA or RNA never both; covered by protein coat= capsid; some have envelope some do not | properties of a virus |
| father of microbiology | louis pasteur |
| most important decomposers of the natural world | bacteria and fungi |
| father of modern taxonomy | carlous linnaeus |
| nomenclature that starts with a capital letter | genus |
| species that starts with a lower case letter | species |
| three domains of life: | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| all members are single celled and microscopic | bacteria and archaea |
| four kingdoms of eukarya | protista, fungi, plantae, animalia |
| not made of cells | viruses |
| enters the cell and destroys it | lytic cycle |
| injects genetic material into the cell to create a mutation | lysogenic cycle |
| no internal organelles; always unicellular; one ribosome; divide by binary fission | bacteria |
| shorter than pili; attach to various surfaces; hold bacterial cells in clumps | fimbriae |
| small circular DNA found only in bacteria | plasmid |
| made of cellulose or chitin | eukaryote cell wall |
| made of peptidoglycan- a network of sugar polymers that are cross linked by polypeptides | bacterial cell wall |
| spherical shaped bacteria | cocci |
| rod-shaped bacteria | baccili |
| spiral-shaped bacteria | spirocyte |
| peptidoglycan layer that is thick is found in the wall of this type of bacteria | gram+ |
| peptidoglycan layer that is thin is found in the wall of this type of bacteria | gram- |
| DNA is genetic material; phospholipids; small cell size; wall contains peptidoglycan; no internal organelles; no nucleus | prokaryotic cell |
| DNA is genetic material; phospholipds; large in size; animal cell-no cell wall, plant cell- cell wall with cellulose; internal organelles; nucleus | eukaryotic cells |
| inside the body | in vivo |
| outside the body | in vitro |
| get food and habitat from host and do not cause the host problems | resident bacteria |
| over run the body when the immune system is down to cause problems | opportunistic bacteria |
| bacterial organisms in the blood | bacteriemia |
| bacterial orgamisms and toxins in the blood | septicemia |
| toxins are in the blood | toxiemia |
| first antibiotic that was developed in the 1940's | penicillin |
| developed the first antibiotic | alexander fleming |
| three factors of genetic variation in prokaryotic cells | 1. rapid reproduction 2. mutation 3. genetic recombination |
| types of genetic recombination | transformation, transduction, conjugation |
| to take up and incorporate foreign DNA | transformation |
| movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages | transduction |
| can live through extreme environments; considered extremophiles | archaea |
| orgamisms that live in extremely hot temperatures | thermophiles |
| orgamisms that live in extremely salty environments | halophiles |
| orgamisms that live with out oxygen | anerobes |
| in the kingdom protista; unicellular and most capable of movement | protozoans |
| in the kingdom protista; multicellular and capable of photosynthesis | algae |
| first life form to evolve other than bacteria or archaea | protists |
| pathogenic protists that cause malaria and giardia | plasmodium and falciparum |
| the protists that moves through the use of a pseudopod | amoeba |
| small photosynthesizing organisms that float near the surface of water | phytoplankton |
| protists that do no get their nutrients by preforming photosynthesis | heterotropic protists |
| release enzymes from the body to degrade food particles to feed off of | saprophytic(fungi) |
| heterotrophs; multicellular; decomposers of the living world | fungi |
| unicellular; reproduce by budding | yeast |
| composite organisms made up of fungi and algae | lichens |
| eukaryotes; multicellular; capable of photosynthesis; asexual and sexual reprodution | plantae |
| four principal catagories of plants | bryophytes; seedless vascular plants; gymnosperms; angiosperms |
| eukaryotes; multicellular; sexual reproduction; heterotophs | animalia |
| small creatures dwelling in aquatic or moist terrestrial environments; EX- tapeworms & flukes: platyhelminthes | flatworms |
| have segmented bodies; EX- earthworms & leeches; annelida | segmented worms |
| exist in enormous number and all kinds of habitats; most are microscopic; pests and parasites; EX- roundworms, hookworms, pinworms; nematoda | roundworms |
| enormous and extremely varied; have exoskeletons | arthropods |
| three subphyla of arthropods | chelicerata;crustacca; uniramia |
| spiders, ticks, mites and horseshoe crabs fit into this subphyla | chelicerata |
| shrimp, lobsters, crabs and barnacles fit into this subphyla | crustacca |
| millipedes and centipedes along with insects fit into this subphyla | uniramia |
| all vertebrates including humans | vertebrata |
| creatures called lancelets | cephalochordata |
| the tunicates or sea squirts | urochordata |
| all possess a rod-shaped support structure called a notochrod | chordates |
| unable to change a bacteria DNA structure termed: | wild |
| changed plasmid bacteria sequence | recombinant |
| the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products | biotechnology |
| direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | genetic engineering |
| two or more segments of DNA that have been combined into a sequence that does not exist in nature | recombinant DNA |
| an orgamism whose genome has stably incorporated on or more genes from another species | transgenic organism |
| two of the various tools used in the production of transgenic organisms | restriction enzymes and plasmids |
| with out ____ bacteria will die | bacterial chromosome |
| with out _____ bacteria will not die | plasmid |
| these protect bacteria from viruses | restriction enzymes |
| can cut and thereby destroy the DNA of invading viruses | restriction enzymes |
| two types of restriction enzymes | restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase |
| small extra chromosomal rings of bacterial DNA that can exist outside of bacterial cells and move into cells through the process of transformation | plasmids |
| vehicles for gene transfer | vector |
| recombinant DNA | rDNA |
| production of synthetic human growth hormone(HGH)began in ____ | 1980's |
| genetically engineered inslulin was the first marketed biotechnology product approved for sale in____ | 1982 |
| a large number of biotechnologic drugs are made by transgenic_____ | E. coli |
| transgenic varities of crop plants are considered____ | genetically modified |
| ______ is an example of a GM crop that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene | golden rice |
| a genetically identical copy of a biological entity | clone |
| the process of makig adult clones of mammals of a defined genotype | reproductive cloning |
| ____ was cloned in 1997 by ian wilmut in scotland | dolly |
| developing from one zygote that splits and forms two embryos | monozygotic |
| developing from two seperate eggs that are fertilized by two seperate sperm | dizygotic |
| to engineer genetically identical offspring is termed___ | cloning |
| a technique that quickly amplifies a small amount of DNA into enough DNA for analysis | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
| comparing two sets of physical samples of DNA | forensic DNA typing |
| in a PCR there are ___ types of materials that are mixed | 4 |
| types of material that are mixed in a PCR | DNA polymerase; DNA primers; DNA nucleotides; DNA target specimen |
| each thermocycler takes ____ minuets and can produce____ copies of a specific DNA molecule | 1-3; millions |
| enzyme derived from archaea | tag polymerase |
| human genomes are filled with short sequences of DNA that are repeated over and over are termed | short tandem repeats (STR'S) |
| two types of stem cells | embryonic and adult stem found in bone marrow |
| most diversidfied stem cell | embryonic |
| this is created when male sperm fuses with the female egg | zygote |
| once a zygote starts to divide it is called an | embryo |
| first phase of embryonic developement that produces a ball of cells | cleavage |
| second stage of embryonic developement in which the blastulas cells rearrange themselves into three layers | gastrulation |
| third stage of embryonic developement in which organs begin to form | organogenesis |
| ball of calls with an interior fluid filled cavity | blastula |
| gives rise to interior tissues | endoderm |
| gives rise to exterior tissues | mesoderm |
| gives rise to the tissues that are most exterior | ectoderm |
| develpement is fundamentally controlled by the interaction of ____ and ____ | genes; proteins |
| comparing two sets of physical samples of DNA | forensic DNA typing |
| in a PCR there are ___ types of materials that are mixed | 4 |
| types of material that are mixed in a PCR | DNA polymerase; DNA primers; DNA nucleotides; DNA target specimen |
| each thermocycler takes ____ minuets and can produce____ copies of a specific DNA molecule | 1-3; millions |
| enzyme derived from archaea | tag polymerase |
| human genomes are filled with short sequences of DNA that are repeated over and over are termed | short tandem repeats (STR'S) |
| two types of stem cells | embryonic and adult stem found in bone marrow |
| most diversidfied stem cell | embryonic |
| this is created when male sperm fuses with the female egg | zygote |
| once a zygote starts to divide it is called an | embryo |
| first phase of embryonic developement that produces a ball of cells | cleavage |
| second stage of embryonic developement in which the blastulas cells rearrange themselves into three layers | gastrulation |
| third stage of embryonic developement in which organs begin to form | organogenesis |
| ball of calls with an interior fluid filled cavity | blastula |
| gives rise to interior tissues | endoderm |
| gives rise to exterior tissues | mesoderm |
| gives rise to the tissues that are most exterior | ectoderm |
| develpement is fundamentally controlled by the interaction of ____ and ____ | genes; proteins |
| this is caused when neurons in the brain stop making dopamine | parkinsons disease |
| the use of cloning to produce human embryonic stem cells that can be used to treat disease and injury | therapeutic cloning |
| when one cell splits into two with both "daughter" cells being exact replicas of the parental cell | binary fission |
| chemical compouds produced by one microorganism that are toxic to another microorganism | antibiotics |
| causing disease | pathogenic |
| a form of life in which individual cells form stable associations with one another but do not take on specialized roles | colonial multicellularity |
| a form of life in which individual cells exist in stable groups with different cells in a group specializing in different functions | true multicellularity |
| non cellular replicating entities that must invade living cells to carry out their replication | viruses |
| an orgamism whose genome has stably incorporated one or more genes from another species | transgenic organism |
| to make an exact genetic copy | clone |
| cloning intended to produce genetically identical adult animals | reproductive cloning |
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chop
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