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VET 1055 Ch 13
Nerves of Steel
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| coordinates and controls body activity; detects and processes internal and external information and formulates appropriate responses | nervous system |
| portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord | central nervous system (CNS) |
| portion of the nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, somatic nervous system, and ganglia | peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| basic unit of the nervous system | neurons |
| nerves that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS; also called afferent or ascending tracts | sensory neurons |
| nerves that carry impulses from one neuron to another | associative neurons or connecting neurons |
| nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS and toward the muscles and glands; also called efferent or descending tracts | motor neurons |
| root-like structures that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body | dendrites, dendr/o |
| single process that extends away from the cell body | axon, ax/o |
| bundles of nerve fibers bound together by specialized tissues | nerves or nerve trunks |
| nerve fibers are covered with this tube-like membrane | neurolemma |
| neuron cell bodies grouped together within the CNS | nuclei |
| neuron cell bodies grouped together outside the CNS | ganglia |
| junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor | synapse, synaps/o or snyapt/o |
| a synapse is the junction where neural impulses cause a release of this substance | neurotransmitters |
| supportive cells of the nervous system | neuroglia or glial cells |
| star-shaped cells that cover the capillary surface of the brain and help form the blood-brain barrier in the CNS | astrocytes |
| small phagocytic cells that help fight infection in the CNS | microglia |
| cells with few branches that hold the nerve fibers together and help form myelin in the CNS | oligodendrocytes |
| help form myelin in the PNS | Schwann cells |
| protective covering over some nerve cells, electrical insulator | myelin, myelin sheathe |
| one or more bundles of impulse-carrying fibers that connect the CNS to the other parts of the body | nerve |
| group of nerve fibers located in the CNS. | tract |
| knotlike mass of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS | ganglion |
| network of intersecting nerves or vessels | plexus |
| supply or stimulation of a body part through the action of nerves | innervation |
| sensory organs that receive external stimulation and transmit that information to the sensory neurons | receptors |
| something that excites or activates | stimulus |
| a wave of excitation transmitted through nervous tissue | impulse |
| automatic, involuntary response to change | reflex |
| connective tissue that encases the brain and spinal cord | meninx, meninges |
| clear, colorless ultrafiltrate that nourishes, cools, and cushions the CNS | cerebrospinal fluid |
| portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain | cranium, crani/o (skull) |
| within the cranium | intracranial |
| combining form for brain | encephel/o |
| largest part of the brain responsible for receiving and processing stimuli, initiating voluntary movement, and storing information | cerebrum, cerebr/o |
| second largest part of the brain, coordinates muscle activity for smooth movement | cerebellum, cerebell/o |
| stalklike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord | brainstem |
| bridge at the base of the brain that allows nerves to cross over so that one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body | pons |
| cranial continuation of the spinal cord that controls basic life functions | medulla oblongata |
| caudal continuation of the medulla oblongata that passes through the foramen magnum | spinal cord |
| combining form for spinal cord | myel/o |
| medical term for swelling (normal or abnormal) caused by an increase in white matter and cell bodies that are associated with the innervation of limbs | intumescence |
| swelling occurring in the area of C6-T2 | cervical intumescence |
| swelling occurring in the area of the L4-caudal segment | lumbosacral intumescence |
| brain divisions chart based on location are on page 272 | |
| layers of fibrocartilage that form pads seperating and cushioning the vertebrae from each others | intervertebral discs |
| 12 pairs; originate from the undersurface of the brain. | cranial nerves; chart describing each on page 273 |
| nerves arising from the spinal cord | spinal nerves |
| root of spinal nerves that enters the dorsal portion of the spinal cord and carries afferent of sensory impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord | dorsal root |
| emerges from the ventral portion of the spinal cord and carries efferent of motor impulses from the spinal cord to muscle fibers or glands | ventral root |
| network of intersecting nerves | plexus |
| forelimb is supplied with nerves from here | brachial plexis |
| hindlimb is supplied with nerves from here | lumbosacral plexus |
| part of the peripheral surface that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | autonomic nervous system |
| provides emergency and stress response; "fight or flight" | sympathetic nervous system |
| returns body to normal after stressful response; maintains normal body function | parasympathetic nervous system |
| removal of cerebrospinal fluid; CSF tap | cerebrospinal fluid tap |
| radiographic study of an intervertebral disc after injection of contrast material into the disc | discography |
| process of recording electrical activity in the brain; EEG | electroencephalography |
| diagnostic study of the spinal cord after injection of contrast material | myelography |
| response of pupil to bright light source; PLR | pupillary light reflex |
| memory loss | amnesia |
| malignant intracranial tumor composed of astrocytes | astrocytoma |
| without coordination "stumbling" | ataxia |
| waxing rigidity of muscles accompanied by trancelike state | catalepsy |
| sudden attacks of muscular weakness and hypotonia triggered by an emotional response | cataplexy |
| smaller than normal cerebellum; seen in cats secondary to feline panleukopenia virus, which leads to incoordination | cerebellar hypoplasia |
| abnormal formation or instability of the caudal cervical vertebrae that causes ataxia and incoordination; horses and dogs | cervical vertebral malformation; Wobbler's syndrome |
| repetitive, rhythmic contraction of limb or facial muscles; usually the result of distemper viral infection in dogs | chorea, myoclonus |
| inflammation of the choroid plexus and meninges | choriomeningitis |
| shaking of the brain caused by injury | concussion |
| neurologic defect in which the animal appears not to know where the limbs are | conscious proprioceptive deficit (CP deficit) knuckling |
| bruising | contusion |
| condition of mental functions caused by damage to the midbrain | decerebration |
| destruction or loss of myelin | demyelination |
| destructive inflammatory disorder that involves the intervertebral discs, vertebral end-plates, and vertebral bodies | discospondylitis |
| inflammation of the brain | encephalitis |
| herniation of the brain through a gap in the skull | encephalocele |
| abnormal softening of the brain | encephalomalacia |
| inflammation of the brain and spinal cord | enchephalomyelitis |
| any disease of the brain | enchephalopathy |
| recurrent seizures of nonsystemic origin or of intracranial disease | epilepsy |
| unknown cause or disease of an individual | idiopathic |
| false sensory perception | hallucination |
| mass or collection of blood | hematoma |
| collection of blood above or superficial to the dura mater | epidural hematoma |
| collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid membrane | subdural hematoma |
| paralysis of one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| collection of signs relating to injury of the cervical sympathetic innervation to the eye; signs include sinking of the eyeball, ptosis of the upper eyelid, pupil constriction, prolapse of the third eyelid | Horner's syndrome |
| abnormally elevated amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain "water on the brain" | hydrocephalus |
| excessive sensitivity | hyperesthesia |
| increased motor function or activity | hyperkinesis |
| condition of altered awareness; trancelike state | hypnosis |
| condition of pain and neurologic deficits resulting from the displacement of part of all of the material in the disc located between the vertebrae | intervertebral disc disease |
| abnormal softening of the white matter of the brain | leukoencephalomalacia |
| abnormally large skull | macrocephaly |
| benign tumor of the meninges | meningioma |
| inflammation of the meninges | meningitis |
| protrusion of hte meninges through a defect in the skull or vertebrae | meningocele |
| inflammation of the meninges and brain | meningoencephalitis |
| inflammation of the meninges, brain, and spinal cord | meningoenchephalomyelitis |
| abnormally small skull | microcephaly |
| paralysis of one limb | monoplegia |
| inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow | myelitis |
| disease of the spinal cord or bone marrow | myelopathy |
| weakness of muscles | myoparesis |
| syndrome of recurrent uncontrollable sleep episodes | narcolepsy |
| nerve pain | neuralgia |
| neuritis | inflammation of the nerves |
| tetanic spasm in which the head and tail are bent dorsally and the back is arched | opisthotonos |
| loss of voluntary movement or immobility | paralysis |
| paralysis of the lower body in bipeds or of hindlimbs in quadrupeds | paraplegia |
| abnormal sensation; may include tingling, numbness, or burning and may be difficult to assess in animals | parasthesia |
| abnormal softening of the gray matter of the brain, abbreviated PEM | polioencephalomalacia |
| inflammation of the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord | polioencephalomyelitis |
| inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord | poliomyelitis |
| inflammation of many nerves | polyneuritis |
| inflammation of many peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots that may lead to progressive paralysis | polyradiculoneuritis, coonhound paralysis, idiopathic polyradiculoneuropathy |
| prolapse or drooping | ptosis |
| inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve | radiculitis |
| noisy respiration caused by air passing through a narrowed larynx in horses | roaring, equine laryngeal hemiplegia |
| sudden, involuntary contraction of some muscles caused by a brain disturbance | seizure; convulsions |
| state of increased muscular tone | spasticity |
| congenital anomaly in which the spinal canal does not close over the spinal cord | spina bifida |
| fainting | syncope |
| paralysis of all four limbs | tetraplegia; quadriplegia |
| involuntary trembling | tremor |
| neurologic disorder characterized by head tilt, nystagmus, rolling, falling, and circling | vestibular disease |
| period before a seizure | preictal |
| attack or actual seizure | ictus |
| period after seizure | postictal |
| absence of sensation | anesthesia |
| substance used to induce anesthesia | anesthetic |
| absence of sensation after a substance has been applied to the skin or external surface | topical anesthetic |
| absence of sensation after chemical injections to an adjacent area | local anesthetic |
| absence of sensation to a region after injection of a chemical into the epidural space | epidural anesthetic |
| absence of sensation and consciousness | general anesthetic |
| removal of intevertebral disc material by perforating and scraping out its contents | disc fenestration |
| impaired sensation | dysesthesia |
| surgical removal of the lamina of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord | laminectomy |
| surgical removal of a nerve | neurectomy |
| connecting nerves together | neuroanastomosis |
| surgical repair of a nerve | neuroplasty |
| suturing the ends of a severed nerve | neurorrhaphy |
| surgical incision or dissection of a nerve | neurotomy |
Created by:
maiken
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