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bio 1100 e-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In a human cell that is haploid, how many chromosomes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes are there | 23 chromosomes, 22 autosomes, and 1 sex chromosome |
| which of the following is the proper sequence of events in gene expression? | DNA> mRNA> protein |
| at what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? | before mitosis; in interphase; during synthetic phase |
| during DNA replication, what acts as the template for synthesis of a new strand of DNA | a single strand of DNA |
| what event typically begins in anaphase and is completed soon after the end of telophase | cytokinesis |
| how many chromosomes are in human gamets | 23 |
| what organism reproduces by binary fission | bacteria |
| which molecule is made in the nucleus but exits to function in the cytoplasm | mRNA |
| the fertilization of an egg by a sperm produces a cell called a/an | zygote |
| products of meiosis | four haploid cells |
| a gene is a heredity unit that carries information for a sequence of | amino acids |
| what process contributes least to genetic diversity | duplication of DNA |
| during the cell cycle of the eukaryotic cell each chromosome is replicated to become | a chromosome with two chromatids |
| what is the initial step in DNA replication | unwinding of the DNA double helix |
| what is the relationship between genes and chromosomes | a chromosome is a DNA molecule with many genes |
| the chief accomplishment of telophase is the organization of chromosomes into | new nuclei |
| non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchage genetic material during | crossing over |
| chromosome I from your mother and chromosome I from your father are said to be homologous because | the chromosomes have the same genes on them |
| a liver cell from a male has | 22 pairs of autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosome |
| how do daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare to the parent cells before DNA replication | the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA |
| what distinguishes one gene from another | the order of nitrogen bases in the gene |
| observable trait of an organism | phenotype |
| mendels genetic elements that exist in pairs which determine a single phenotype | two alleles of a gene on a homologous chromosome |
| tracking the inheritance of two characters requires a | dihybrid cross |
| each allele of a gene produces a protein that functions to create a trait | the basis of codominance |
| characters such as height, weight, skin color are controlled by many genes acting together which are examples of | polygenic inheritence |
| the phenotype of an organism is influenced by | environment and its genotype |
| genes not found on sex chromosomes are found on | autosomes |
| a pedigree is a representation of | genetic family tree |
| if more than one sperm fertilizes an egg the result will be | polyploidy |
| failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis | nondisjunction |
| cause of down syndrome in humans | three copies of chromosome 21 |
| combination of chromosomes found in a person with turner syndrome | XO |
| cri-du-chat syndrome babies make sounds like the cry of a cat which is caused by a/an | deletion in chromosome 5 |
| which type of trait is always expressed first | dominate |
| the transmission of one character does not influence the transmission of another character | law of segregation |
| exchange of reciprocal chromosomal segments with one another | crossing over |
| random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes on either side of the metaphase plate | independent assortment |
| organism that has two identical alleles of a gene for a given character is said to be | homozygous |
| organism that has differing alleles for a character | heterozygous |
| determines sex linked diseases | chromosome x |
| determines autosomal disease that could be dominate or recessive | chromosomes 1-22 |
| recessive sex linked genetic disorder in which blood fails to clot | hemophilla |
| recessive sex linked genetic disorder that causes color blindness; passed from the mother to the son | red-green color blindness |
| child has 25% of being affected by this type of disorder | autosomal recessive |
| most common autosomal recessive lethal genetic disease in the united states resulting in defective or absent chloride transport channels | cystic fibrosis |
| a well known autosomal recessive disorder with altered red blood cell shape | sickle-cell anemia |
| autosomal recessive condition characterized by lack of pigmentation in the skin and hair | albinism |
| child has a 50% chance of being affected by this type of disorder | autosomal dominant |
| marfan's syndrome, polydactyly, and huntingdon's disease are examples of | autosomal dominant genetic disorders |
| a pictorial arrangement of an orgamisms full complement of chromosomes | karotype |
| xx chromosome pairs | female |
| xy chromosome pairs | male |
| developing from one zygote that splits and forms two embryos | monozygotic(identical) |
| developing from two separate eggs that are fertilized by the same sperm | dizygotic(fraternal) |
| one of more entire set of chromosomes have been added to an organisms genome; often results in death | polyploidy |
| a small number of extra or missing chromosomes have been inherited | aneuploidy |
| combination of chromosomes found in a person with kleinfelter syndrome | XXY |
| often seen in cancer cells; may be a cause of cancer | aneuploidy |
| mistakes in chromosomal interactions | aberrations in chromosomal structure |
| deletion of a portion of chromosome 5 will result in | cru-di-chat syndrome |
| genetic familial histories that normally take the form of diagrams | pedigrees |
| if only two individuals have a disorder | recessive condition |
| DNA> mRNA + tRNA + an amino acid in the ribosome | translation |
| DNA> mRNA in the nucleus | transcription |
| DNA> DNA | DNA polymerases |
| DNA> RNA | RNA polymerases |
| opposing nitrogen base pairs are | complementary |
| permanent alteration in a cells DNA base sequence | mutation |
| cells that become eggs or sperm | germ-line cells(sex cells) |
| cells that do not give rise to eggs or sperm | somatic cells (body cells) |
| amino acid> amino acid | peptide bond |
| amino acid> amino acid> amino acid> amino acid etc. considered the primary protein structure | polypeptide bond |
| building blocks of proteins | amino acids |
| a folded polypeptide chain into its working 3-d shape | secondary structure |
| polymer of deoxynecleotides; double helix; deoxyribose sugar; nitrogen bases a,t,g,c; phosphates | DNA |
| polymer of nucleotides; single helix; ribose sugar; nitrogen bases a,u,g,c; phosphates | RNA |
| the breakdown of protein | denaturation |
| certain shape of a protein molecule | protein conformation |
| each gene directs the synthesis of a single protein | gene expression |
| contains the codon used for translation | mRNA |
| contains the anticodon used for translation | tRNA |
| UAA, UAG, UGA | amino acids that will stop polypeptide formation |
| AUG | amino acid that will start polypeptide formation |
| RNA molecule that does not actively participate in translation | tRNA |
| encoded by a gene but not translated that forms the ribosomes skeleton | rRNA |
| suppresses expression of mRNA | micro-RNA |
| contained within a cells nucleus | DNA |
| gene expression is regulated by | splicing |
| genes that are spliced back together and kept; coding sequences | exons |
| genes that are spliced and discarded; junk sequences | introns |
| the genotype Ff is an example of | heterozygous genotype |
| to track the inheritance of two characters a ____ should be preformed | dihybrid cross |
| F1 generation showed | no blending of inheritance |
| F2 generation showed | 1/4 yellow 1/3 green; dominate recessive; 3:1 ration; monohybrid |
| genotype YY | homozygous dominate |
| genotype yy | homozygous recessive |
| translation takes place in the | cytoplasm(ribosome) |
| Transcription takes place in the | nucleus |
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