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Hematology
Clin Path
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the average life span of a canine RBC? | 110 days |
| What are the 3 primary functions of blood? | Transport, Defense, and Regulation |
| What type of blood cell transports bone marrow to the tissues? | WBCs |
| Blood transports platelets to what type of sites? | Injury sites |
| What term refers to the chemicals released during phagocytosis? | Pyrogens |
| What are the 4 types of cells that are capable of phagocytosis? | 1-Neutrophils 2-Monocyte/Macrophage 3-Eosinophil 4-Basophil |
| What are the 2 types of defense in regards to blood function? | WBCs and platelets |
| What are the 3 things blood is responsible for regulating within the body? | Temperature, pH, and Homeostasis |
| What is the normal temperature range for cats/dogs? | 101-102.5 |
| How is body temperature controlled? | By metabolic activity |
| What is the normal pH of the blood? | 7.35-7.45pH |
| What are the 4 types of fluid dynamics? | 1-Intracellular fluid (cells) 2-Extracellular fluid (Plasma) 3-Interstitual fluid (Between tissues) 4-Intravascular fluid (Both Intra and Extra) |
| What term refers to the arrest of stoppage of blood flow from the body? | Hemostasis |
| What condition of the blood refers to a high PCV and low plasma? | Hemoconcentration |
| What condition of the blood refers to a low PCV and high plasma? | Hemodilution |
| Blood accounts for what percentage of an animals body weight? | 7% |
| Components of blood are species dependant and are usually very similar to the animal's _________. | PCV |
| What are the 3 primary components of blood and their percentages? | 91% Water, 7% Proteins, and 2% other solutes |
| What is included in the 7% protein portion of blood? | Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen and Enzymes |
| What are the cells of the blood in order of commonality? | RBCs, PLTs, WBCs |
| What is the average range for platelets found in an animal? | 200,000-500,000 |
| What is the average range for WBCs found in an animal? | 6,000-17,000 |
| What are the WBCs found in the blood in order of commonality and what are their percent ranges? | 1-Neutrophils (60-77%) 2-Lymphocytes (12-30%) 3-Monocytes (3-10%) 4-Eosinophils (2-10%) 5-Basophils (RARE) |
| What WBC is elevated in Texas due to yearround allergies and parasites? | Eosinophils |
| What protein is also known as the chief transporter? | Albumin |
| What protein is also known to be a complex group of proteins? | Globulin |
| What protein draws fluid into intercellular space? | Albumin |
| What are the 3 gases that make up the other solutes portion of blood? | O2, CO2 and N |
| What are the 3 nutrients that make up the other solutes portion of blood? | Carbs, Lipids and Amino Acids |
| What are the 6 electrolytes that make up the other solutes portion of blood? | Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, and Bi-Carbonate Ion |
| What type of blood refers to blood that comes from anywhere other than the center of the body? | Peripheral Blood |
| What type of tissue is blood considered? | Connective tissue |
| Whole blood = _____________ + _____________ | Cells + Plasma |
| In what type of animals will lymphocytes outnumber neutrophils? | Cattle |
| What is the life span of feline RBCs? | 68-70 days |
| Where is blood stored? | Spleen |
| What term refers to the tissue part of an organ? | Parenchyma |
| What term refers to the process of creating lymphocytes? | Lymphocytopoiesis |
| Where does hematopoiesis occur after birth? | Bone marrow |
| Where does hematopoiesis occur before death? | Bone marrow, the liver and the spleen |
| What is the primary difference between red marrow and yellow marrow? | Red (Active), Yellow (Inactive) |
| Where is red marrow found in adults? | At the ends of long bones and flat bones |
| True or false. Yellow marrow is found in young animals as well as old. | False (Adult animals) |
| Define hypoxia. | Decreased oxygen |
| What is the stimuli for erythropoiesis? | Hypooxia |
| What organ has receptors that initiate erythropiesis? | Kidney |
| 1 PPSC is equal to how many RBCs? | 211 |
| True or false. Hemolized RBCs can still carry oxygen. | False |
| How long does it take to make a RBC? | 5 days |
| What are the 3 types of cells (also referred to as the precursor cells) that can not cary oxygen? | Rubriblasts, Prorubricytes, and Rubricytes |
| True or false. All of the cell types involved in the maturation of a RBC are found in the bone marrow. | True |
| What are the 8 stages of the RBC maturation process? | 1-PPSC (Org) 2-Myeloid Stem Cells 3-Rubriblasts 4-Prorubricytes 5-Rubricytes 6-Metarubricyte 7-Reticulocyte 8-Mature RBC |
| What is the primary component of a RBC? | Water (65%) |
| Of the remaining 35% of a RBCs components, what makes up 95% of it? | Iron and Amino acids (Protein) |
| Besides water, iron and amino acids, what else makes up a RBC? | Copper, Vitamin B6, B9, B12, Essential fatty acids and Carbs |
| What 2 components of a RBC make up the cell membrane? | Essential Fatty acids and carbs |
| What RBC component helps iron to be utilized from the individuals diet? | Copper |
| What is B6? | Pyridoxine |
| What is B9? | Folic acid |
| What is B12? | Cobalamine |
| What term refers to anemia due to blood draws? | Research anemia |
| How much of an animals circulating blood volume can be used per day? | 1% |
| _____________ travels to the ________ and are converted to cholesterol. | essential fatty acids; liver |
| What type of cells will you see in animals with liver issues, causing portions to stick out from lack of cholesterol? | Acanthocytes |
| What 2 types of hb have a higher affinity for oxygen and are fulmost of the time? | Embryonic and fetal |
| Define oxyhemoglobin. | A hb that is actively carrying oxygen |
| Define Deoxyhemoglobin. | A hb that is not actively carrying oxygen. |
| Define methoxyhemoglobin. | A destroyed or denatured hb that is unable to carry oxygen. |
| What are 3 things that can cause methoxyhemoglobin? | toxins, oxidative changes and some drugs (anesthesia) |
| What 2 species have a central pallor? | Humans and canines |
| True or false. The hb size never changes, just the cell size. | True |
| What are the 3 advantages to the bioconcave disk? | Deformable, increased surface area and shorter distance for O2 to travel. |
| True or false. RBCs can take on small amounts of fluid without rupturing. | True |
| A hb molecule carries how many oxygens? | 4 |
| What shape is a camels RBC? | Ellipitical |
| What shape is a bird's RBC? | Ellipitical with nucleus |
| What shape is a deer's RBC outside of the body? | Sickle shaped |
| What animals have a ellipitical shaped RBC with no nucleus? | Camels, Alpacas, and Llamas |
| What animals have an ellipitical shaped RBC with a nucleus? | Birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish |
| What term refers to the process of aging? | Senescense |
| What enzyme decreases during senescense? | Glycolytic enzyme |
| What happens to the shape of a RBC during senescense? | Becomes more round, no longer bioconcave shaped |
| What shape is a deers RBCs inside of the body? | Ellipitical |
| True or false. Drepanocytes can not carry O2. | True. |
| What type of cell is responsible for detecting surface abnormalities? | Macrophages |
| What organ is considered to be the RBC burial ground? | Spleen |
| What is the percentage of RBCs that breakdown via extravascular hemolysis? | 90% |
| Where does extravascular hemolysis occur? | parenchyma |
| What is the chief carrier protein? | Albumin |
| What is responsible for iron appearing red in RBCs? (The paint) | Bilirubin |
| What is the name of the carrier protein responsible for transporting Hb to the liver during intravascular hemolysis? | haptoglobin |
| What condition results from a build up of bilirubin within the tissues? | Jaundice |
| What are the 4 steps of Extravascular hemolysis? | 1-Cell membrane is destroyed 2-Hb is disassembled 3-Carbon is removed viz exhalation 4-Bilirubin is sent to the liver |
| What are the 4 steps of Intravascular hemolysis? | 1-RBC ruptures 2-Hb leaks into the plasma 3-Haptoglobin carries Hb to the liver 4-Once in liver, macorphages proceed |
| What are the resulting conditions if the rate of intravascular hemolysis exceeds 10%? | Hemoglobinuria and Hemoglobinemia |
| What term refers to an excess of Hb in the urine? | Hemoglobinuria |
| What term refers to an excess of Hb in the blood? | Hemoglobinemia |
| Excess Hb during hemoglobinemia appears in the __________. | Plasma |
| What is the name of the bacteria that is normal in the body and is also referred to as "Enteric Bacteria"? | Normal Flora |
| Conjugated is _____ soluble. | Water |
| Unconjugated is ______ soluble. | Fat |
| What is bilirubin joined to in order to be considered conjusgated? | glucuronic acid |
| Where is bilirubin converted to urobilinogen and by what? | Intestines; enteric bacteria |
| Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed in to the blood through the _______________________. | Intestinal mucosa |
| Once filtered through the kidneys, urobilinogen is excreted as a ______________ in the urine. | Urochrome |
| Some urobilinogen remains in the intestines and is converted to __________________ by enteric bacteria. | Stercobilinogen |
| What is responsible for making urine yellow? | Urobilinogen |
| What is responsible for making stool brown? | Stercobilinogen |
| True or false. Intravascular hemolysis happens in vitro. | False (In vivo) |
| What type of hemolysis occurs in vitro? | Artifactual hemolysis |
| Name 3 causes for intravascular hemolysis. | 1-IMHA 2-RBC parasites 3-Bacteria 4-Envenomation 5-Toxins 6-Acute Liver Disease 7-Insulin therapy 8-Congenital defects |
| What are the 3 primary types of envenomation? | 1-Bee stings 2-Spider bites 3-Snake bites |
| Where does artifactual hemolysis occur? | In vitro, outside of the body |
| True or false. Polycythemia is the number one cause of increased PCV. | False. (dehydrated Number 1) |
| What term refers to an ancrease in the number of RBCs? | Polycythemia |
| What rare bone marrow disorder is idiopathic and is common in large breed dogs? | Polycythemia Rubra Vera |
| How is polycythemia rubra vera treated? | Continious blood draws |
| True or false. Excess blood from a dog who has Polycythemia Rubra Vera, can be donated. | False |
| What are the 2 types of secondary polythcemia? | Relative and compensatory |
| What type of polycythecmia is due to hypoxia, higher latitudes and congestive heart failure? | Compensatory polycythemia |
| What is the most common type of polycythemia? | Relative |
| What word means "Without Blood"? | Anemia |
| True or false. One can still have anemia even if they present with a high PCV. | True |
| What are the 2 classifications of anemia? | 1-Bone marrow response (Regen and nonregen) 2- RBC indicies |
| ____________ is the condition resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity. | Anemia |
| An anemic patient might have a decrease in all or some of these 3 tests? | 1-PCV 2-Total RBC Count 3-Hb concentration |
| True or false. Anemia is a diagnosis. | False (an underlying sign) |
| What are the 8 clinical signs associated with hypoxia? | 1-lethargy 2-excercise intolerance 3-Anorexia 4-Weight loss 5-Splenomegaly 6-Jaundice 7-Hemoglobinuria 8-Hemoglobinemia |
| What 2 things are responsible for causing anemia? | Decreased rate of production or increased rate of destruction |
| What are the 5 ways you can catagorize RBC morphology? | 1-Cell arrangement 2-Size 3-Color 4-Shape 5-Presence of structures in or on |
| What are the 2 categories of cell arrangements? | Rouleaux and agglutination |
| Rouleaux is normal in what type of animal? | Horse |
| What type of cell arrangement is associated with increased fibrinogen and/or globulin concentration? | Rouleaux |
| What type of cell arrangement occurs with immune mediated diseases? | Agglutination |
| Microcytosis and hypochromasia generally indicate what condition? | Iron defiency |
| Anisocytosis and polychromasia generally indicate what condition? | Regenerative anemia |
| How many different blood types are canines known to have? | 19 |
| True or false. All dogs are given a "freebie" transfusion, meaning their first time can be of any blood type. | True |
| What cell is the hallmark of IMHA? | Spherocyte |
| Define DIC. | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy |
| True or false. Schistocytes can never be due to a tech error. | False |
| Acanthocytes are seen with disease in what organ? | Liver |
| Echinocytes are seen with disease in what organ? | Kidney |
| What type of cell results from an altered hemoglobin? | Drepanocyte |
| What cell is also known as helmet cells? | Keratocyte |
| A pseudovacuole is found in what type of cell? | Keratocyte |
| What group of cells is characterized by increased surface area? | Codocytes/Leptocytes |
| What are the 4 types of codocytes? | Stomatocytes, folded cells, barr cells and target cells |
| What are the 4 common names for the keratocyte? | Horned cell, Helmet cell, Bite cell and Blister cell |
| What two types of cells are seen with DIC? | Schistocytes and keratocytes |
| What is another name for the knizocyte? | Barr cell |
| What 2 types of codocytes can be caused by tech error? | Stomatocytes and folded cells |
| All codocytes as a true finding are associated with what type of disease? | Liver disease |
| What type of cell is also known as "Punched Out Cell"? | Anulocyte |
| What type of cell is seen with any acute disease as well as a decreased Hb concentration? | Anulocyte |
| What type of cell is seen with kidney disease and myeloproliferic disorders? | Dacryocyte |
| What are the 5 structures you might see in or on a RBC? | Heinz bodies, howell jolly body, basophilic stippling, distemper viral inclusions and blood parasites. |
| What type of cell is found in dogs that have lead poisoning? | basophilic stippling |
| Howell jolly bodies are seen with what type of disease? | Splenic |
| What is canine plumbism? | lead poisoning in dogs |
| What is on the surface of a RBC when discussing heinz bodies? | denatured hb |
| What are the 2 known toxicitys that can cause heinz bodies? | onions and tylenol |
| What cell is a normal finding in cats (5%)? | heinz bodies |
| What 3 diseases might you seen heinz bodies? | Lymphosarcoma, DM (Cats) and Hyerthyroidism |
| What rare type of cell is seen not only on RBCs but neutrophils and lymphocytes as well and is highly variable in its shape, size and color? | Distemper viral inclusions |
| What are the 4 types of blood parasites? | Babesia, mycoplasma haemofelia, haemobartonella canis, and cytauxzoon felis. |
| What inclusion body can you assume will always cause hemolysis as well as anemia? | rbc parasites |
| What causes babesia? | ticks |
| What 6 species are affected by babesia? | cats, dogs, horses, goats, cows, and sheep. |
| What inclusion body is often confused with stain precipitant? | RBC parasite |
| On what part of the slide will one find babesia? | feathered edge |
| What type of rbc parasite resembles a paired teardrop or ring? | babesia |
| What type of rbc parasite has rods/spheres on the peripheral of the cell? | mycoplasma haemofelis |
| What rare rbc parasite is described as branches of rods/spheres across the cell s periphery? | haemobartonella canis |
| What causes haemobartonella canis? | fleas |
| What type of rare rbc parasite resembles a small ring or safety pin and is fatal to cats? | cytauxzoon felis |
| What causes cytauxzoon felis? | ticks |
| What type of rbc parasite is also seen in macrophages and lymphocytes and causes fatal disease in cats? | cytauxzoon felis |
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