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VET1200 Midterm
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The system that consists of glands and hormones | endocrine |
| the principal components of cytoplasm are | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, and cytosol |
| what divides the ventral body cavity into the cranial thoracic cavity and caudal abdominal cavity | the diaphragm |
| the dynamic equilibrium in the body | homeostasis |
| a plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal | transverse |
| what three structures are found in all mammalian cells | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane |
| The entire body is made up of ___ basic tissue types. | 4 |
| Ribosomes produce | proteins |
| an example of a macroscopic anatomic part is | muscles |
| a plane that is perpendicular to the sagittal and transverse plane | dorsal |
| examples of ligands | neurotransmitters and hormones |
| plantar surface | located distal to the tarsus on the back of the hind limb |
| palmar surface | located distal to the carpus on the back of the front limb |
| inflammation of the pleural layers of the abdomen | peritonitis |
| membrane receptors | play a vital role in cell to cell recognition or contact signaling |
| directional terms for up and down | dorsal and ventral |
| golgi aparatus | modifies, packages, and distributes proteins destined for secretion or intracellular use |
| anatomy | the study of the structures of the body |
| physiology | the study of the function of the body |
| prokaryote | no nucleus, small, unicellular |
| eukaryote | has nucleus, can be very large, often multicellular |
| lipid bilayer | arranged with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside |
| 4 basic tissue types | connective, nervous, muscle, epithelial |
| 4 general types of teeth | incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
| nucleotides are composed of | sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases |
| 5 nitrogen bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| total magnification | multiply the power of the eyepiece by the lens |
| base | bottom of the microscope |
| head or body tube | supports the oculars and the nosepiece |
| arm | portion that connects base to head |
| stage | platform where the slide lies during examination |
| coarse adjustment | make large adjustments |
| fine adjustment | fine tune focusing |
| condenser | controls how much light is avaliable |
| DNA nitrogen bases | a/t g/c |
| RNA nitrogen bases | a/u g/c |
| acids release___ in solutions and bases release ___ | hydrogen ions; hydroxyl ions |
| the somatic cell activity is actively dividing during | mitotic phase |
| mutagens | certain chemicals, some viruses, ionizing radiation |
| the process of building new protein using the information of the mRNA molecule | translation |
| neutral solution has a pH of | 7 |
| the end of telophase is marked by | cytokinesis |
| exocytosis of waste products is called | excretion |
| requires energy expenditure | active transport |
| growth 1, synthesis, and growth 2 are subgroups of | interphase |
| passive membrane process with movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower one | diffusion |
| movement of molecules through the cell membrane with the assistance of and integral protein | facilitated diffusion |
| passive movement of water | osmosis |
| isotonic solution | intracellular and extracellular fluid are equal |
| hypotonic solution | excessive intracellular fluid will cause the cell to burst |
| hypertonic | extracellular fluid is more concentrated will cause the cell to shrink |
| passive membrane process when the pressure on one side is greater than the other, hydrostatic pressure | filtration |
| water drinking | pinocytosis |
| engulfing solid material | phagocytosis |
| transporting large particles into the cell by means of pinocytosis and phagocytosis | endocytosis |
| transporting large particles out of the cell using the E.R. and golgi body | exocytosis |
| reproductive/sex cells divide by the process | meiosis |
| somatic/body cells divide by the process | mitosis |
| DNA to RNA to protein in the nucleus | transcription |
| somatic cells | 2x23 chromosomes, diploid, body cells |
| reproductive cells | 1x23 chromosomes, haploid, sex cells |
| period between cell divisions | interphase |
| intensive metbolic activity | growth 1 phase |
| dna replication occurs | synthetic phase |
| synthesis of enzymes and proteins | growth 2 phase |
| cell division | miotic phase |
| chromatin strands condense to form chromosomes | prophase |
| chromosomes line up in the center of the spindle | metaphase |
| chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers to form duplicate set of chromosomes | anaphase |
| chromatin begins to unravel at the poles of the cell, nuclear envelope appears | telophase |
| marks the end of telophase | cytokinesis |
| control the division of cells | cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases |
| DNA to RNA in the cytoplasm | translation |
| DNA to DNA in the nucleus | replication |
| DNA tells the stem cell what to be | cell differentiation |
| a piece of dna that directs the production of a protein | gene |
| cover the body and form glands | epithelial |
| faces the lumen or outside of an organ | apical surface |
| faces the basal lamina and blood vessels | basal surface |
| cellar attachments/cellular junctions | tight, desmosomes, gap junctions |
| fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membrane | tight junction |
| a strong welded plaque or thickening | desmosome |
| linked by tubular channel proteins called connexons | gap junctions |
| one layer of cells | simple |
| two layers of cells | stratified |
| cells that are flat in shapeq | squamous |
| cells that are cube like | cubodial |
| cells that are column like | columnar |
| appears to have two layers but truly only has one | pseudostratified |
| shape at transition/able to stretch or change shape | transitional |
| unicellular, exocrine gland, columnar, produce mucus, ductless | goblet cell |
| watery with a high concentraiton of enzymes | serous secretions |
| thick, viscous, made of glycoproteins | mucous secretions |
| release secretions via exocytosis | merocrine gland |
| store secretions and release the top part of the cell | apocrine |
| store secretions and release entire cells | holocrine |
| specialized types of connective tissue | blood, bone, and catilage |
| strong thick bands of collagen | collagenous fibers |
| thin, delicate, branched networks of collagen | reticular fibers |
| branched networks of elastin | elastic fibers |
| involved in production and maintenance of the matrix | fixed cells |
| involved in the protection and repair | wandering cells |
| intitate the inflammatory response | mast cells |
| produce antibodies in blood | lymphocyte |
| fibers and cells suspended in a thick translucent ground substance | areolar loose connective tissue |
| network of thin reticular fibers | reticular loose connective tissue |
| acts as energy store house and thermal insulator | adipose loose connective tissue |
| tightly packed parallel collagen fibers, make up tendons and ligaments | dense regular fibrous connective tissue |
| thick bundles of collagen fibers that are interwoven to form a sheet | dense irregular connective tissue |
| primarily composed of elastic fibers | elastic connective tissue |
| contains ground substance plasma with a fibrous component protein(albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) 55% plasma, 45% formed elements | blood |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| thrombocytes | platelets |
| matrix combination of organic collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts | bone |
| found in joints and in the ear, nose and vocal cords | cartilage |
| most common type of cartilage found in the body | hyaline cartilage |
| usually found merged with hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue | fibro cartilage |
| flexible, contains elastic fibers | elastic cartilage |
| 3 types of muscle tissues | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| moves bone under conscious nervous system control; striated | skeletal muscle |
| maintains heart function automatically; striated | cardiac muscle |
| found in the digestive tract and urinary bladder under automatic control; nonstriated | smooth muscle |
| found in the brain, spinal cord, and perpheral nerves | nervous tissue |
| 2 types of nervous tissue | nerouns and supporting neuroglial cells |
| toward the brain | sensory functions |
| away from the brain | motor functions |
| line organs with connection to the outside environment(mouth, intestines) | mucous membrane |
| line walls and cover organs of body cavities (thorax) | serous membrane |
| integument, composed of dermis and epidermis | cutaneous membrane |
| line the cavities of joints | synovial membrane |
| removal of a small piece of tissue | biopsy |
| microscopic study of disease in tissues | histopathology |
| 4 signs of inflammation | redness, swelling, heat, pain |
| edges of the wound held in close apposition | first intention healing |
| edges of the wound are seperated and granulation tissue is allowed to form | second intention healing |
| contaminated wound left open to be later closed by first intention | third intention healing |
| histamine and heparin are released by | mast cells |
| spaces in areolar tissue becoming filled with an excess amount of body fluid from a pathologic insult | edema |
| type of tissue that is most abundant by weight in the body | connective |
| carbohydrates, lipds, and protein make__ | ATP |
| substance derived from food necessary for carrying out out normal body functions | nutrient |
| amount of energy that can be acquired from a nutrient molecule | kilocalorie (Calorie) |
| 6 essential nutrients | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals |
| nutrient that can't be made by the body | essential |
| functions of water | lubricant for body tissues, transport medium, chemical reactant in digestion, temperature regulation |
| most vital requirement for the body | oxygen |
| obtained by ingesting food, drinking, and oxidizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates | water |
| the loss of electron(s) to another molecule | oxidation |
| the gain of electron(s)from another molecule | reduction |
| to form or breakdown ATP | metabolism |
| 3 carbohydrate groups | sugar, starches, cellulose |
| monosaccharides and discharrides that come from fruits, honey, milk; storage carb for animals | sugar |
| polysaccharides that come from grains and root vegetables; storage carb for plants | starches |
| polysaccharides found in most vegetables; animals can't digest | cellulose |
| soluble in other lipids and organic solvents | lipids |
| 4 categories of lipids | neutral fats, phospholipds, steroids, other (vitamins, eicosanoids, and lipoproteins) |
| composed of glycerol and fatty acids; also known as triglycerides; aid in absorption, insulation, and cushion | neutral fats |
| type of lipid with a single bond between carbon atoms | saturated neutral fat |
| type of lipid with one or more double bonds between carbons | unsaturated neutral fat; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated |
| modified triglycerides derived from the plant cell membrane; phosphorous group attached to the glycerol | phospholipid |
| composed of 4 flat interlocking rings of hydrocarbons; sex hormones and cholesterol | steroids |
| maintains the fluidity and rigidity of the plasma membrane | cholesterol |
| manufactures in the liver | cholesterol |
| fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K; regulatory moles derived from arachadonic acid; important in inflammatory process and blood clotting | other lipid substances |
| primary structure material of animal body; regulate body functions; transport O2; aid in body movement | protein |
| composed of amino acids | structural proteins |
| organic amino acid group | carboxyl |
| number of amino acids | 20 or 22 |
| forms between acid group of one amino acid and basic group of the other | peptide bond |
| more then ten amino acids bonded together | polypeptide bond |
| body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is using to make energy | positive nitrogen balance |
| when protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues | negative nitrogen balance |
| percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions | biological value |
| do not produce energy; function as co-enzymes or parts of co-enzymes or regulatory molecules | vitamins |
| absorbed through GI tract when water is absorbed; excesses excreted in urine | vitamins B & C |
| bind to ingested lipids before they are absorbed with the ingesta; stored for long times in tissues | vitamins A, D, E, & K |
| inorganic substances, macrominerals(Ca, K, Na) Microminerals( I, Fe) and trace elements(fluorine) | minerals |
| body needs more of these minerals | macrominerals |
| body needs less of these minerals | microminerals |
| breaks down organic matter to harvest energy in cellular respiration; food to ATP | catabolism |
| uses energy to construct components of cells; ATP to ADP | anabolism |
| energy molecule that contains more phosphate and produces more energy | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| energy molecule that contains less phosphate and produces less energy | adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
| chemical reactions that happen in living organisms for maintaining their life | metabolism |
| digestion in the lumen of the GI tract | stage 1 of catabolism |
| anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm of cells | stage 2 of catabolism |
| aerobic respiration in the mitochondria of cells | stage 3 of catabolism |
| a protein molecule and a catalyst together make an | enzyme |
| a substrate and an enzyme together make a | product |
| 3 stages of carbohydrate metabolism | glycolysis, TCA/Krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
| anaerobic; step one of carbohydrate metabolic process; occurs in cytoplasm; makes 2 ATP | glycolysis |
| step 2 of carbohydrate metabolic process that occurs in the mitochondria; makes 2 ATP | krebs cycle |
| aerobic; step 3 of carbohydrate metabolic process; occurs in mitochondria; makes 32 ATP | electron transport chain |
| if insufficient oxygen is present during carbohydrate metabolism ___ is produced | lactic acid |
| contain more chemical energy than carbs or proteins; liver is primary controller; makes 148 ATP | lipid metabolism |
| structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protective, membrane | protein types |
| amine from the carbon chain becomes ammonia and is converted to urea in the liver and excreted | deamination |
| when amine group is transferred to another carbon chain to form a different amino acid | transamination |
| amino acid catabolism occurring in most tissues; can undergo 2 processes in the mitochondria | protein metabolism |
| contains the hereditary property of the cell | nucleus |
| power house of the cell | mitochondria |
| used for movement of cell | flagella and cilia |
| inner substance of the cell | cytoplasm |
| composed of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and microtubles; gives structure and support to cell | cytoskeleton |
| tiny organs with in the cell | organelles |
| important site for protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| has ribosomes on the surface; is involved in production of protein | rough E.R |
| involved in synthesis and storage of lipids | smooth E.R |
| breakdown nutrient molecules; shredder | lysosome |
| controls detoxification of various molecules | peroxisomes |
| any droplets in the cell other than the previous structure | inclusions |
| help organize the spindle fibers during cell division | centrioles |
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