Stabilizing Selection

the frequencies of 2 or more alleles of a gene remain constant from generation to generation

Directional Selection

Long term selection of the same trait. After several generations of selection, gene frequencies will change.

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Geographic barriers, habitat isolation, seasonal/temporal, behavioral, morphological, Hybrid inviability/infertility

Gene flow maintains similarities within species; members of a species evolve as a unit.

Emphasizes the role of selection; interbreed but maintain species boundaries; or don't interbreed but maintain species coherence

Allopatric Speciation

Geographic separation & directional selection; A gene barrier is present; Different selective pressures (competition, environment, predation)

Punctuated Equilibrium

Species remain unchanged and then undergo rapid, major change due to major environmental changes.

4 Forces of Evolution

Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene flow, Genetic Drift

only mechanism that produces adaptations

random changes in allele frequencies

Transferring genes between populations

A species diversifies to fill available niches;

The study of processes that affect the remains of dead animals

The similarities used to assign organims to the same taxon

Ex: Mammals share certain mammary glands that set them apart from other taxa such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.

The similarities in how species experience certain selective forces and how they adapt to them.

Ex: Like fish, porpoises (who are mammals) have fins and are hairless and streamlined for efficient locomotion.

4 Categories of Human Adaptive Responses

Genetic change, developmental adjustment, acclimatization, cultural practices

Phenotypic Adaptation

Type of developmental adjustment. Adaptive biological changes that occur during the individuals lifetime, made possible by biological plasticity.

Biological Plasticity

Our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow

Populations with less massive individuals are more often found near the equator; those with greater bulk are more often found further from the equator.

Populations found living near the equator tend to have longer limbs than those that live farther from the equator.

Biological Responses to human adaptation & variation

Developmental adjustment, acclimatization, and cultural practices

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Anthro Exam Two

Question	Answer
Heterozygous	2 DISSIMLAR alleles of a gene
Homozygous	2 SIMILAR alleles of a gene
Stabilizing Selection	the frequencies of 2 or more alleles of a gene remain constant from generation to generation
Directional Selection	Long term selection of the same trait. After several generations of selection, gene frequencies will change.
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms	Geographic barriers, habitat isolation, seasonal/temporal, behavioral, morphological, Hybrid inviability/infertility
Biological Species	Gene flow maintains similarities within species; members of a species evolve as a unit.
Ecological Species	Emphasizes the role of selection; interbreed but maintain species boundaries; or don't interbreed but maintain species coherence
Allopatric Speciation	Geographic separation & directional selection; A gene barrier is present; Different selective pressures (competition, environment, predation)
Punctuated Equilibrium	Species remain unchanged and then undergo rapid, major change due to major environmental changes.
4 Forces of Evolution	Natural Selection, Mutation, Gene flow, Genetic Drift
Natural Selection	only mechanism that produces adaptations
Genetic Drift	random changes in allele frequencies
Gene Flow	Transferring genes between populations
Adaptive Radiation	A species diversifies to fill available niches;
Taphonomy	The study of processes that affect the remains of dead animals
Homologies	The similarities used to assign organims to the same taxon
Homology	Ex: Mammals share certain mammary glands that set them apart from other taxa such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.
Analogies	The similarities in how species experience certain selective forces and how they adapt to them.
Analogy	Ex: Like fish, porpoises (who are mammals) have fins and are hairless and streamlined for efficient locomotion.
4 Categories of Human Adaptive Responses	Genetic change, developmental adjustment, acclimatization, cultural practices
Phenotypic Adaptation	Type of developmental adjustment. Adaptive biological changes that occur during the individuals lifetime, made possible by biological plasticity.
Biological Plasticity	Our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow
Bergman's Rule	Populations with less massive individuals are more often found near the equator; those with greater bulk are more often found further from the equator.
Allen's Rule	Populations found living near the equator tend to have longer limbs than those that live farther from the equator.
Evolutionary Hypotheses for Skin Color	Cancer, Vitamin D, Folate
Biological Responses to human adaptation & variation	Developmental adjustment, acclimatization, and cultural practices

Created by: sandyleeb

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