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LabPro Urinalysis!
Urinalysis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urine is formed through _______________ filtration, tubular _______________ and ______________. | Glomercular; Reabsorbtion and Secretion |
| Define Pollakiuria | Frequent urination |
| Define Polyuria | Increase in urine output |
| Define Oliguria | Decrease in urine output |
| Define Anuria | Lack of urine output |
| Define Dysuria | Difficult urination |
| What are the 4 methods of urine collection? | 1-Free catch/Midstream 2-Manual Expression 3-Catheterization 4-Cystocentesis |
| What are the 3 advantages to urinalysis? | Fast, Cheap and Easy! |
| What two methods of urine collection are considered to be voided urine samples? | Free catch and manual expression |
| What are the 2 disadvantages of a voided urine sample? | Contamination and difficult to get with cats |
| What type of pressure should be used when expressing the bladder? | Gentle and steady pressure |
| When should you never attempt a manual expression? | When there is a possiblity of an obstruction. |
| A urinary catheter is placed through the _________ to the ___________. | Urethra; bladder |
| What are the 2 advantages of placing a urinary catheter? | -Less chance of contamination -Helpful in animals that cant be palpated |
| What are the 2 disadvantages to placing a urinary catheter? | -Can cause trauma to urethral mucosa -Possible contamination |
| What needle length is used when performing a cystocentesis? | 1.5inch |
| What is considered to be the most sterile way of collecting urine? | Cystocentesis |
| What are the 2 disadvantages to cystocentesis? | -Hard to get in obese animals -May cause organ trauma |
| What is used to clean the area before a cystocentesis? | Betadine |
| Urine should be analyzed with _____ minutes of getting the sample if possible. | 60 |
| How long can urine be refrigerated if needed? | 6-12 hours |
| What type of urine samples are normally concentrated? | Morning |
| True or false. If a sample stands at room temperature, you may get false results. | True |
| What are the 5 physical properties of urine? | -Color -Clarity -Odor -Specific Gravity -Volume |
| What are the pigments called that cause normal urine color? | Urochromes |
| What is the normal color of urine? | Light yellow to amber |
| Red urine indicates what? | Hematuria |
| Reddish-brown urine indicates what? | Hemoglobin or myoglobin |
| Dark yellowish-brown urine indicates what? | Bilirubinuria |
| In what species is urine normally colored orange-reddish brown? | Rabbits |
| Cloudy urine indicates an increase in what 5 possible substances? | -Crystals -Casts -Bacteria -Cells -Mucus |
| What 2 species have cloudy urine due to a high content of mucus and calcium carbonate crystals? | Horses and rabbits |
| True or false. Urine odor can be a diagnoses. | False. |
| Strong urine odor suggests _____________ production. | Bacteria |
| What 3 animals have the strongest smelling urine? | Male cats, goats and pigs. |
| What does specific gravity measure? | Urine concentration compared to distilled water. |
| What 3 things are concentrated urine dependent on? | The number, molecule size, and weight of urine. |
| What are the 3 methods for determining specific gravity? | Refractometer, Reagent strips, and urinometer |
| What are the 3 causes of increased SG? | Dehydration, Increased water loss, and Decreased water intake |
| What are the 4 causes of decreased SG? | Excessive water intake, kidney disease, pyometra, and drugs |
| What 3 things influence urine volume? | Water intake, Size of animals and Species of animals. |
| Define Crystalluria. | Presence of crystals in the urine |
| What do crystal depend on for formation? | pH |
| True or false. A urine sample that sits at room temperature will decrease in the number of crystals formed. | False |
| What type of crystal is ammonium magnesium phosphate? | Triple Phosphate (Struvite) |
| What type of Crystal generally appears as coffin lids or rooftops? | Struvite |
| What type of crystal forms in basic to slightly acidic urine? | Struvite |
| A struvite may take a Fernleaf shape if utine has a high concentration of what substance? | Ammonia |
| What type of Crystal generally appears as small squares with invisible X? | Calcium oxalate dihydrate |
| What type of Crystal are commonly seen in small numbers in dogs and horses? | Calcium Oxalate dihydrate |
| What type of Crystal maybe small and dumbbell shaped and can also appear as a slat from a picket fence? | Calcium oxalate monohydrate |
| Calcium Oxalate monohydrate is a key indicator if an animal is experiencing what kind toxicity? | Ethylene glycol |
| What is ethylene glycol? | Antifreeze |
| Ammonium urates are seen most often and what animal? | Dalmatian |
| What type of Crystal appears as yellow brown rosettes or diamond shaped plates and can form in any urine pH? | Uric acid crystals |
| What type of Crystal is described as a thorny apple? | Ammonium urate |
| Certain _____ and _________________ may interfere with chemical testing. | Drugs and medications |
| What are the 8 components on a dipstick? | 1-pH 2-Protein 3-Glucose 4-Ketone 5-Bilirubin 6-Urobilinogen 7-Blood 8-Nitrites |
| What type of pH do plant diets cause? | Basic |
| What type of pH do protein diets cause? | Acidic |
| What are the 4 primary factors that may affect urine pH? | -Diet -Fever -Starvation -Drugs |
| Is protein normal in the urine of an animal? | No |
| What are the 3 ways protein may be lost in the urine? | Due to: -Glomerulopathies -Inflammation -Hemorrhage |
| Is glucose normally found in the urine? | No |
| Are ketones normally found in the urine? | No |
| Ketones are formed from the breakdown of what? | Lipids |
| An excess of what substance can cause CNS depression and acidosis? | Ketones |
| What 2 things cause ketonuria? | 1-Starvation 2-Diabetes |
| What is the pigment made by the liver from dead or dying RBCs? | Bilirubin |
| Is bilirubin normal in the urine? | Yes, in small amts. |
| What animal can conjugate bilirubin in their kidneys? | Canine |
| __________ found in the __________ can be a sign of liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or hemolysis. | Bilirubin; feline |
| What is a compound formed from bilirubin in the GI tract? | Urobilinogen |
| Is it normal for animals to have urobilinogen in their urine? | Yes, in small amts. |
| What are the only ways to record urobilinogen in the urine? | Normal or abnormal |
| Greater than _____ RBCs per field may indicate a problem. | ~5 |
| What are the 4 main causes of hematuria? | -Trauma -UTI -Calculi -Coagulopathies |
| What are produced by the bacteria of some infections? | Nitrites |
| The top portion of a centrifuged urine sample is called what? | Supernatent |
| The bottom portion of a centrifuged urine sample is called what? | Sediment |
| How long do you centrifuge a urine sample for? | 3-5 minutes |
| What should be done after the supernatent is poured off of the top? | The sediment should be resuspended |
| How many mls of urine are transferred to a centrifuge tube from the sample? | 3-5mls |
| How much supernatent should be left after being poured off? | 0.5ml |
| How do you resuspend urine sediment? | Flick with finger or tap tube |
| What is used to stain a urine sample? | Sedistain |
| What are the 6 potential elements found in urine sediment? | 1-WBCs 2-RBCs 3-Lipid droplets 4-Bacteria 5-Crystals 6-Casts |
| WBCs in the urine indicate what two types of infection? | Kidney or bladder |
| Are lipid droplets common in the sediment of urine? | Yes (Esp in cats) |
| What are the 2 types of bacteria in urine sediment discussed in class? | Rods and cocci |
| Crystals are made up of ____________. | Minerals |
| The _________ of the urine determines what type of stone might be formed. | pH |
| What are the 3 most common crystal types? | -Struvite -Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate -Ammonium urate |
| Casts are usually what type of shape? | Tube shaped |
| What are the 7 types of casts? | 1-Hyaline 2-Granular 3-Waxy 4-Fatty 5-Cellular 6-Mixed 7-Bile Stained |
| Waht does specific gravity measure? | The concentrating ability of the kidneys |
| How do you measure SG? | Refractometer (Not dipstick in animal med) |
| What is considered to be normal SG in cats? | 1.001-1.080 |
| What is considered to be normal SG in dogs? | 1.001-1.060 |
| What is an all around normal SG level if no dehydrated is suspected? | 1.013-1.030 |
| Define hyposthenuric. | Diluted SG (Below 1.008) |
| Define isosthenuric. | Fixed SG (1.008-1.012) |
| True or false. Isothenuric has the same SG of plasma. | True |
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