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Seeing Sociology 5-9
Seeing Sociology Chapters 5-9 Vocab
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Thomas Theorum | When people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. |
self-fulfilling prophecy | a false definition of a situation that is assumed to be accurate |
attribution theory | the process by which people explain their behavior and that of others |
dispositional factors | things that people are believed to control, including personal qualities related to motivation, interest, mood, and effort. |
situational factors | things believed to be outside a person's control |
dramaturgical sociology | studies social interactions emphasizing wats in which those involved work to create, maintain, dismantle, and present a shared understanding of reality |
front stage | the area visible to the audience, where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways |
back stage | is the area outside of the audience's sight, where individuals do things that would otherwise be inappropriate |
team | a group of people linked together in interaction for a common social purpose |
ethnomethodology | an investigative and observational approach that focuses on how people make sense of everyday social activities and experiences |
trust | the taken-for-granted assumption that in a given social encounter, others share the same expectations and definitions of the situation and that they will act to meet those expectations |
reference group | any group whose standards people take into account when evaluating something about themselves or others, whether it be personal achievements, aspirations in life, or individual circumstances |
normative reference groups | provide people with norms that they draw upon or consider when evaluating a behavior or course of action |
comparison reference groups | provide people with a frame of reference for |
audience reference groups | consist of those who are watching, listening, or otherwise giving attention to someone. |
ingroup | the group to which a person belongs or feels loyalty to |
outgroup | any group to which a person does not belong |
moral superiority | the believe that an ingroup's standards represent the only way |
routine | includes the usual ways of thinking and doing things |
typificatory schemes | systematic mental frameworks that allow people to place what they observe into pre-existing social categories with essential characteristics |
phenomenology | an analytical approach that focuses on the everyday world and how people actively produce and sustain meaning |
deviance | any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged and/or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of some group |
norms | rules and expectations for the way people are supposed to behave, feel, or appear. |
claims makers | those who articulate and promote claims and who tend to gain in some way if the targeted audience accepts their claims as true |
mechanisms of social control | strategies people use to encourage, often force, others to comply with social norms |
sanctions | reactions of approval or disapproval to behavior that departs from norms |
formal sanctions | reactions backed by laws, rules, or policies that specify how people should be rewarded or punished for certain behaviors |
informal sanctions | spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval not backed by law or policy |
positive sanctions | expressions of approval for compliance |
negative sanctions | expressions of disapproval |
censorship | an action taken to prevent information believed to be sensitive, unsuitable, or threatening from reaching some audience |
surveillance | involves monitoring movements, conversations, and associations of those believed to be or about it be engaged in some wrong doing. |
group think | a phenomenon that occurs when a group under great pressure to take action achieves the illusion of consensus by putting pressure on its members to shut down discussion |
conformists | people who have not violated the rules and are treated accordingly |
pure deviants | people who have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders |
secret deviants | people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed or no sanctions are applied |
falsely accused | people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have |
witch hunts | campaigns to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that has been defined as undermining a group. |
primary deviants | include those people whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable, incidental, or insignificant in light of some socially approved status they hold. |
secondary deviants | include those whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that is cannot be overlooked or explained away |
master status of deviant | an identification that "proves to be more important" than most other statuses that person holds, such that he or she is identified first and foremost as deviant |
deviant subcultures | groups that are part of the larger society but whose members share norms and values favoring violation of that larger society's laws |
illegitimate opportunity structures | social settings and arrangements that offer people the opportunity to commit particular types of crime |
white-collar crime | consists of "crimes committed by persons of respectable ability and high social status in the course of their occupations." |
corporate crime | committed by a corporation in the way that it does business |
structural strain | a situation in which there is an imbalance between culturally valued goals and the legitimate means to obtain them |
anomie | a state of cultural chaos caused by structural strain |
conformity | the acceptance of culturally valued goals and the pursuit of these goals through legitimate means |
innovation | the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them |
ritualism | the rejection of the cultural goals but an adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them |
retreatism | the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them |
rebellion | the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them and a new set of goals and means emerges |
medicalization | the process of defining a behavior as an illness and treating it with medical intervention |
individuation of social problems | a point of view whereby people tend to view the problem individuals as the cause and fixing them as the solution |
crime | an act that breaks a law |
prison-industrial complex | the corperations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctionsal facilities and in providing services |
culture of spectacle | a social arrangement by which punishment is delivered in public setting for all to see |
carceral culture | a social arrangement under which the society largely abandons physical and public punishment and replaces it with surveillance |
panopticon | the perfect prison |
disciplinary society | a social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine |
structuralism | a framework that portrays social structures as transcending those who constructed them |
post-structuralists | contend that the behavior constraining powers of social structure are exaggerated |