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Seeing Sociology 5-9
Seeing Sociology Chapters 5-9 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thomas Theorum | When people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | a false definition of a situation that is assumed to be accurate |
| attribution theory | the process by which people explain their behavior and that of others |
| dispositional factors | things that people are believed to control, including personal qualities related to motivation, interest, mood, and effort. |
| situational factors | things believed to be outside a person's control |
| dramaturgical sociology | studies social interactions emphasizing wats in which those involved work to create, maintain, dismantle, and present a shared understanding of reality |
| front stage | the area visible to the audience, where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways |
| back stage | is the area outside of the audience's sight, where individuals do things that would otherwise be inappropriate |
| team | a group of people linked together in interaction for a common social purpose |
| ethnomethodology | an investigative and observational approach that focuses on how people make sense of everyday social activities and experiences |
| trust | the taken-for-granted assumption that in a given social encounter, others share the same expectations and definitions of the situation and that they will act to meet those expectations |
| reference group | any group whose standards people take into account when evaluating something about themselves or others, whether it be personal achievements, aspirations in life, or individual circumstances |
| normative reference groups | provide people with norms that they draw upon or consider when evaluating a behavior or course of action |
| comparison reference groups | provide people with a frame of reference for |
| audience reference groups | consist of those who are watching, listening, or otherwise giving attention to someone. |
| ingroup | the group to which a person belongs or feels loyalty to |
| outgroup | any group to which a person does not belong |
| moral superiority | the believe that an ingroup's standards represent the only way |
| routine | includes the usual ways of thinking and doing things |
| typificatory schemes | systematic mental frameworks that allow people to place what they observe into pre-existing social categories with essential characteristics |
| phenomenology | an analytical approach that focuses on the everyday world and how people actively produce and sustain meaning |
| deviance | any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged and/or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of some group |
| norms | rules and expectations for the way people are supposed to behave, feel, or appear. |
| claims makers | those who articulate and promote claims and who tend to gain in some way if the targeted audience accepts their claims as true |
| mechanisms of social control | strategies people use to encourage, often force, others to comply with social norms |
| sanctions | reactions of approval or disapproval to behavior that departs from norms |
| formal sanctions | reactions backed by laws, rules, or policies that specify how people should be rewarded or punished for certain behaviors |
| informal sanctions | spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval not backed by law or policy |
| positive sanctions | expressions of approval for compliance |
| negative sanctions | expressions of disapproval |
| censorship | an action taken to prevent information believed to be sensitive, unsuitable, or threatening from reaching some audience |
| surveillance | involves monitoring movements, conversations, and associations of those believed to be or about it be engaged in some wrong doing. |
| group think | a phenomenon that occurs when a group under great pressure to take action achieves the illusion of consensus by putting pressure on its members to shut down discussion |
| conformists | people who have not violated the rules and are treated accordingly |
| pure deviants | people who have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders |
| secret deviants | people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed or no sanctions are applied |
| falsely accused | people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have |
| witch hunts | campaigns to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that has been defined as undermining a group. |
| primary deviants | include those people whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable, incidental, or insignificant in light of some socially approved status they hold. |
| secondary deviants | include those whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that is cannot be overlooked or explained away |
| master status of deviant | an identification that "proves to be more important" than most other statuses that person holds, such that he or she is identified first and foremost as deviant |
| deviant subcultures | groups that are part of the larger society but whose members share norms and values favoring violation of that larger society's laws |
| illegitimate opportunity structures | social settings and arrangements that offer people the opportunity to commit particular types of crime |
| white-collar crime | consists of "crimes committed by persons of respectable ability and high social status in the course of their occupations." |
| corporate crime | committed by a corporation in the way that it does business |
| structural strain | a situation in which there is an imbalance between culturally valued goals and the legitimate means to obtain them |
| anomie | a state of cultural chaos caused by structural strain |
| conformity | the acceptance of culturally valued goals and the pursuit of these goals through legitimate means |
| innovation | the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them |
| ritualism | the rejection of the cultural goals but an adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them |
| retreatism | the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them |
| rebellion | the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them and a new set of goals and means emerges |
| medicalization | the process of defining a behavior as an illness and treating it with medical intervention |
| individuation of social problems | a point of view whereby people tend to view the problem individuals as the cause and fixing them as the solution |
| crime | an act that breaks a law |
| prison-industrial complex | the corperations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctionsal facilities and in providing services |
| culture of spectacle | a social arrangement by which punishment is delivered in public setting for all to see |
| carceral culture | a social arrangement under which the society largely abandons physical and public punishment and replaces it with surveillance |
| panopticon | the perfect prison |
| disciplinary society | a social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine |
| structuralism | a framework that portrays social structures as transcending those who constructed them |
| post-structuralists | contend that the behavior constraining powers of social structure are exaggerated |
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AlyRuth
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