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Seeing Sociology 5-9

Seeing Sociology Chapters 5-9 Vocab

QuestionAnswer
Thomas Theorum When people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
self-fulfilling prophecy a false definition of a situation that is assumed to be accurate
attribution theory the process by which people explain their behavior and that of others
dispositional factors things that people are believed to control, including personal qualities related to motivation, interest, mood, and effort.
situational factors things believed to be outside a person's control
dramaturgical sociology studies social interactions emphasizing wats in which those involved work to create, maintain, dismantle, and present a shared understanding of reality
front stage the area visible to the audience, where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways
back stage is the area outside of the audience's sight, where individuals do things that would otherwise be inappropriate
team a group of people linked together in interaction for a common social purpose
ethnomethodology an investigative and observational approach that focuses on how people make sense of everyday social activities and experiences
trust the taken-for-granted assumption that in a given social encounter, others share the same expectations and definitions of the situation and that they will act to meet those expectations
reference group any group whose standards people take into account when evaluating something about themselves or others, whether it be personal achievements, aspirations in life, or individual circumstances
normative reference groups provide people with norms that they draw upon or consider when evaluating a behavior or course of action
comparison reference groups provide people with a frame of reference for
audience reference groups consist of those who are watching, listening, or otherwise giving attention to someone.
ingroup the group to which a person belongs or feels loyalty to
outgroup any group to which a person does not belong
moral superiority the believe that an ingroup's standards represent the only way
routine includes the usual ways of thinking and doing things
typificatory schemes systematic mental frameworks that allow people to place what they observe into pre-existing social categories with essential characteristics
phenomenology an analytical approach that focuses on the everyday world and how people actively produce and sustain meaning
deviance any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged and/or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of some group
norms rules and expectations for the way people are supposed to behave, feel, or appear.
claims makers those who articulate and promote claims and who tend to gain in some way if the targeted audience accepts their claims as true
mechanisms of social control strategies people use to encourage, often force, others to comply with social norms
sanctions reactions of approval or disapproval to behavior that departs from norms
formal sanctions reactions backed by laws, rules, or policies that specify how people should be rewarded or punished for certain behaviors
informal sanctions spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval not backed by law or policy
positive sanctions expressions of approval for compliance
negative sanctions expressions of disapproval
censorship an action taken to prevent information believed to be sensitive, unsuitable, or threatening from reaching some audience
surveillance involves monitoring movements, conversations, and associations of those believed to be or about it be engaged in some wrong doing.
group think a phenomenon that occurs when a group under great pressure to take action achieves the illusion of consensus by putting pressure on its members to shut down discussion
conformists people who have not violated the rules and are treated accordingly
pure deviants people who have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders
secret deviants people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed or no sanctions are applied
falsely accused people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have
witch hunts campaigns to identify, investigate, and correct behavior that has been defined as undermining a group.
primary deviants include those people whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable, incidental, or insignificant in light of some socially approved status they hold.
secondary deviants include those whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that is cannot be overlooked or explained away
master status of deviant an identification that "proves to be more important" than most other statuses that person holds, such that he or she is identified first and foremost as deviant
deviant subcultures groups that are part of the larger society but whose members share norms and values favoring violation of that larger society's laws
illegitimate opportunity structures social settings and arrangements that offer people the opportunity to commit particular types of crime
white-collar crime consists of "crimes committed by persons of respectable ability and high social status in the course of their occupations."
corporate crime committed by a corporation in the way that it does business
structural strain a situation in which there is an imbalance between culturally valued goals and the legitimate means to obtain them
anomie a state of cultural chaos caused by structural strain
conformity the acceptance of culturally valued goals and the pursuit of these goals through legitimate means
innovation the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them
ritualism the rejection of the cultural goals but an adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them
retreatism the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them
rebellion the rejection of both culturally valued goals and the means to obtain them and a new set of goals and means emerges
medicalization the process of defining a behavior as an illness and treating it with medical intervention
individuation of social problems a point of view whereby people tend to view the problem individuals as the cause and fixing them as the solution
crime an act that breaks a law
prison-industrial complex the corperations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctionsal facilities and in providing services
culture of spectacle a social arrangement by which punishment is delivered in public setting for all to see
carceral culture a social arrangement under which the society largely abandons physical and public punishment and replaces it with surveillance
panopticon the perfect prison
disciplinary society a social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine
structuralism a framework that portrays social structures as transcending those who constructed them
post-structuralists contend that the behavior constraining powers of social structure are exaggerated
Created by: AlyRuth
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