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Chapter 17&18 A/P
Sex, Sex and more Sex
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main goal of the reproductive system? | To ensure the survival of a species |
| True or false. Reproduction is essential to life not for the perpetuation of the species. | False |
| When does fertilization occur/. | When the spermatazoon penetrates the cytoplasm of the ovum. |
| Once the ovum is fertilized where is it transferred that provides a hospitable environment for developement? | Uterus |
| Define meiosis: | Reduction division of a cell so that a chromosome number goes from a diploid number to a haploid number. |
| Define diploid: | A full cell or total # of chromosomes of a species. (Always an even #) |
| Define Haploid: | Half of chromosome (Ova or sperm) |
| The primary spermatocyte/oocyte is ________ in nature. | Diploid |
| What are the coiled masses of DNA and are considered to be the genetic blueprint? | Chromosomes |
| How do you express 2 diploids? | 2n |
| How many diploids do humans have? | 46 |
| How many diploids do dogs have? | 78 |
| How many diplods do cats have? | 38 |
| True or false. Twins run on the maternal side. | True |
| XX indicates what sex? | Female |
| XY indicates what sex? | Male |
| True or false. An XX and YY combination of chromosomes are possible. | False. (Not YY) |
| When counting chromosomes what should be counted instead of the tail? | The centromere |
| Define mitosis: | Replication/Duplication |
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? | Seminiferous tubules of the testes. |
| How many sperm are created from a single spermatocyte? | 4 |
| What is the main male hormone that is produced by the testes? | Testosterone |
| Where are sperm stored before ejaculation? | Epididymis |
| Where does oogenesis take place? | The developing ovarian follice |
| What is the female sex cell? | Ova |
| How many ova are produced per oocyte? | 1 |
| When do oocytes become active? | at the start of the ovarian cycle |
| What is a polar body? | an excess of chromosomes resulting from meiotic division that will never mature into an ovum |
| What is the term for the male gonads? | Testes |
| Where are the testes housed? | scrotum |
| What are the 2 main functions of the testes? | 1-Spermatogenesis 2-Hormone production |
| Where does hormone production take place in the testes? | The interstitial cells |
| What structure pulls the testes down with growth, eventually through the inguinal ring? | Gubernaculum |
| Define cryptorchid: | Undescended testicle |
| By about what age should both testicles have descended into the scrotum? | 16 weeks of age |
| What may need to be removed or could cause testicular cancer and is considered a trait capable of passing down to future generations? | Cryptorchid |
| What is another name for hormone? | Androgen |
| What are the 3 parts of the sperm? | Head, Midpiece, and tail |
| What part of the sperm contains the nucleus? | Head |
| What part of the sperm has large amounts ofmitochondria arranged in a spiral pattern? | Midpiece |
| The acrosome of the sperm is responsible for what? | Providing the deigestive enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate the ova. |
| What is the name of the sac of skin that not only helps to regulate temperature but houses the testes? | Scrotum |
| What muscle is responsible for raising and lowering the testicles? | Cremaster muscle |
| What structure links the testes with the rest of the male body? | Spermatic Cord |
| What network of veins in the male is responsible for keeping the temperature lower than anywhere else in the body? | Pampiniform Plexus-Network of veins |
| What are the 2 layers of the testes? | Visceral Vaginal Tunic (Inner) and Parietal Vaginal Tunic (Outer) |
| What is the medical procedure for a castration or neuter? | Orchidectomy |
| What must be tied off in order for the testes to be removed? | Corresponding blood vessels |
| True or false. Each teste is contained in a capsule beneath the tunics. | True |
| What is the testes heavy fibrous connective tissue capsule called? | Tunica Albuginea |
| What takes place in the seminiferous tubules? | Spermatogenesis |
| What is the main source of protection and support the contents of the testes? | Tunica Albuginea |
| When referring to the ICSH what sex are you most likely referring to? | Male |
| Define ICSH: | Interstitial cell stimulation hormone |
| What is another name for the LH in males? | ICSH |
| Define LH: | Luteinizing Hormone |
| What are sertoli cells? | large "Nurse" type cells that attach to the chromatids while they are undergoing changes |
| How long can sperm survive inside of the female body? | 5 days |
| What is the result of a sertoli cell multilpying out of control? | Sertoli Cell Tumor |
| What kind of procedure can resolve the issues of a sertoli cell tumor? | Castration |
| What are the flat ribbonlike structures that lie along the surface of the testes? | Epididymis |
| If you were to stretch the male epididymis, about how far could you stretch it? | 20 feet long |
| What are the 3 regions of the epididymis? | Head, Body and Tail |
| What part of the epididymis do sperm enter from the efferent ducts? | Head |
| What part of the epididymis continues on to be the vas deferens? | The tail |
| How long must sperm be stored and matured in the epididymis before being ejaculated? | A week or more |
| When ejaculation occurs what muscular tube connects the epididymis with the urethra? | Vas deferens |
| What is another name for the vas deferens? | Ductus Deferens |
| What procedure involves removal of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from ever reaching the urethra? | Vasectomy |
| True or false. A vasectomy can be done so that it is reversible. | True |
| What is the pH of the ejaculate? | Basic |
| True or false. The more sperm produced, the larger the prostate gland. | True |
| What is the only accessory reproductive gland in dogs? | Prostate Gland |
| What is another name for the bulbourethral gland? | Cowpers gland |
| What two accessory reproductive glands do cats have? | Bulbourethral gland and prostate gland |
| What animal does not have a bulbourethral gland? | Dog |
| When a man has an erection is he relaxing or reflexing? | Relaxing |
| When a man is ejaculating, is he relaxing or reflexing? | Reflexing |
| What part of the penis has the richest suppy of sensory nerve endings? | Glans Penis |
| What are the 3 parts of the penis? | 1-Roots 2-Body/Shaft 3-Glans/Tip |
| Define Colulation: | Sex |
| What is the largest portion of the penis? | The body |
| Name the 2 bundles of tissue of the body of the penis: | Corpus Cavernosum and Corpus Spongiosum |
| True or false. Male cats have spinescovering their glans. | True |
| What is the outer layer of skin covering the penis? | Prepuce |
| What sheath of skin encloses the penis when it is not erect? | Prepuce |
| Describe the inner portion of the prepuce of the penis? Outer portion? | Inner: Moist with smooth mucous membranes Outer: Normal layer of skin |
| What is the name of the bony portion of some animal's penis'? | Os Penis |
| Name the 4 animals you can find an Os Penis in: | -Raccoon -Dog -Walrus -Beaver |
| What structure of the penis keeps a male and female dog attached due to swelling after mating? | Bulbs of the Glans |
| What is the majority of male erectile tissue composed of? | Corpus Cavernosum |
| What is the remining portion of the male erectile tissue after Cavernosum? | Corpus Spongiosum |
| How long can a male and female stay mounted due to the swelling of the bulb of the glans penis? | 15-20 minutes after mating |
| Define Smegma: | The greenish-white discharge from the penis after ejaculation. |
| True or false. You can find sigmoid flexure in domesticated animals. | False (Large Animals- Cow, etc) |
| ____________________ refers to the S-Shape of a non-erect penis of a bull, ram or boar. | Sigmoid Flexure |
| True or false, Sigmoid felxures have more connective tissue that erectile tissue. | True |
| What muscle controls the sigmoid flexure? | Retractor penis muscle |
| True or false. The male reproductive system takes cues from the olfactory senses. | True |
| What is the reflexive expulsion of semen from the penis? | Ejaculation |
| Rhythmic contractions of what structure pump semen out? | Urethra |
| The broad ligaments of the female reproductive system connect to what three structures? | Ovaries, Oviducts, and Uterus |
| True or false. The broad ligmaments contain blood vessels, nerves and fat. | True |
| What section of the broad ligament support the ovaries? | Mesovarium |
| What section of the broad ligament supports the oviduct? | Mesosalpinx |
| What section of the broad ligament supports the uterus? | Mesometrium |
| What is an OHE? | Ovariohysterectomy |
| What is removed during an ovariohysterectomy? | The ovaries and uterus |
| What broad ligament extends from the tip of the uterine horn to the inguinal ring? | Round Ligament |
| What are the female gonads? | ovaries |
| What is the primary functions of the ovaries? | Produce hormones and produce reproductive cells |
| What are the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries? | Estrogen and Progestins |
| Trye or false. An animal is always creating more oocysts throughout its life. | False. (Born with set amt.) |
| What female hormone is responsible for physical as well as behavioral changes? | Estrogen |
| What part of the ovary produces pregestins? | Corpus luteum |
| What hormone is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy? | Progestins |
| Define uniparous: | Giving birth to one offspring at a time. |
| Define multiparous: | Giving birth to multiple offspring at a time (A litter) |
| What 2 hormones influence the ovarian cycle? | FSH and LH |
| What is FSH? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
| What is LH? | Luteinizing Hormone |
| What hormones control the estrous cycle? | FSH and LH |
| What are the 4 estrous cycle intervals? | 1-Polyestrous 2-Seasonally Polyestrous 3-Diestrous 4-Monoestrous |
| What estrous cycle describes animals that cycle throughout the year so long as they are not pregnant? | Polyestrous |
| What estrous cycle intervals describes animals with 2 cycles per year, usually spring and fall? | Diestrous |
| What estrous cycle interval describes animals that only have one estrous cycle per year? | monoestrous |
| What type of estrous cycle do cattle and swine have? | Polyestrous |
| What type of estrous cycle do horse, sheep and cats have? | Seasonally Polyestrous |
| What type of estrous cyle do dogs have? | Diestrous |
| What type of estrous cycle do fox and minks have? | Monoestrous |
| True or false. Estrus refers to a cycle where breeding chances are at their greatest. | False. (Estrous) |
| True or false. Estrus refers to one portion of the heat cycle. | True |
| How many stages of the estrous cycle are there? | 5 |
| Name the 5 stages of the estrous cycle. | 1-Proestrus 2-Estrus 3-Metestrus 4-Diestrus 5-Anestrus |
| What stage of estrous does the oviduct, uterus and vagina all thicken? | Proestrus |
| What stage of estrous does the estrogen levels reach their peak? | Estrus |
| What stage of the estrous cycle is also known as the heat period? | Estrus |
| What stage of the estrous cycle follows estrus, and the corpus luteum begins developing? | Metestrus |
| What stage of estrous does the corpus luteum reach its maximum size? | Diestrus |
| What do vaginal smears test for? | LH |
| True or false. Estrous stages can't be determined through the process of vaginal smears. | False (Can be) |
| What is the only domesticated animal that vaginal smears are performed on? | Dogs |
| Once the ovum is released the empty follicle fills with blood and is called the ________________. | Corpus Hemorrhagicum |
| What scars, creating the corpus luteum? | Corpus hemorrhagicum |
| What happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum is never fertilized? | It will degenerate |
| What is the degeneration of follicles that do not develop into the ovum, known as? | Follicular Atresia |
| What are the fallopian tubes also known as? | Oviducts |
| What is another name for the uterine tubes? | Oviducts |
| Where is the site of fertilization? | Oviducts |
| What is the term that describes the end of an oviduct? | Infundibulum |
| What muscle like fingers help to position the infundibulum in the right spot? | Fimbrae |
| What happens to the ova if it is lost in the abdominal cavity? | It disintegrates |
| What is another name for the uterus? | The Womb |
| ___________ refers to the shrinking of the uterus over time. | Involution |
| What are the 3 walls of the uterus? | Endometrium, Myometrium, and Perimetrium |
| What is the thickest portion of the uterus wall? | Myometrium |
| What is the outermost layer of the uterus called? | perimetrium |
| What layer of the uterus is composed of simple columnar epithelium and glands that secrete mucus? | Endometrium |
| What structure is considered to be the doorway between the vagina and the uterus? | The Cervix |
| True or false. The cervix is only closed during birth and breeding. | False (Opened) |
| What is the birth canal during parturition? | Vagina |
| What structure of the female reproductive system extends from the cervix and connects to the vulva? | Vagina |
| What are the 3 components of the vulva? | 1-Vestibule 2-Clitoris 3-Labia |
| What is the primary entrance/welcome center into the vagina? | Vestibule |
| What part of the vulva is the sensory portion and is equivalent to the males penis? | Clitoris |
| What part of the vulva form the external boundary of the vulva? | Labia |
| True or false. Dogs cant have orgasms. | True |
| What is the medical procedure often termed "Spay"? | Ovariohysterectomy |
| True or false. An OHE is a minor abdominal surgery. | False (Major) |
| What condition might occur after the cervix has opened for breeding and bacteria enters before the cervix closes? | Pyometra |
| What are the 2 types of pyometra? | Opened and closed |
| Pyometra is considered a surgical emergency and requires a complete __________________. | OHE |
| Anytime an unspayed female patient comes in, what should you always ask the owner right away? | When was the animal's last heat cycle |
| What is another term for a false pregnancy? | Pseduocyesis |
| What is another name for pseudopregnancy? | Pseudocyesis |
| How are false pregnancies resolved? | Spontaneously or through the use of hormones |
| What estrous stage is this: The bitch is attractive to the male but wont stand for mating. | Proestrus |
| What estrous stage is this: Accepts the male and will stand | Estrus |
| What estrous stage is this: The bitch ceases to accept the male. | Diestrus |
| What estrous stage is this: Parabasal and intermediate cells are predominant. | Anestrus |
| What are the 4 cell types that are seen while viewing a vaginal smear? | Intermediate, Superficial, Parabasal, and Anuclear |
| Define Copulation. | The act of breeding, usually in a mounted position |
| Define intromission: | Insertion of the penis into the vagina |
| When is the semen deposited into the vagina? | During ejaculation |
| Which two animals deposit semen directly into the mate's uterus? | Horse and Pig |
| Copulation causes __________________ to release ___________ which causes smooth muscle contractions that help sperm move to the ovum. | Pituitary Gland, Oxytocin |
| What is the term referring to the series of changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract to increase their chances of fertilization? | Capacitation |
| What are the 4 changes a sperm will undergo during capacitation? | 1-Change in ion movement 2-Increased metabolic rate 3-Increased rate of simple sugar use 4-Allows acrosome enzyme to be released |
| In general, what are sperm designed to seek out and penetrate? | Something large and round |
| What is a fertilized ovum? | Zygote |
| What has 2 nuclei/pronucleus immediately after fertilization? | Zygote |
| What is the rapid division of the zygote once a single nucleus has been established? | Cleavage |
| True or false. As the zygote rapidly divides it grows in size. | False (Stays the same size) |
| Once the zygote is a solid mass of cells what stage is it in? | Morula Stage |
| How long does it take for the zygote to move down from the ovum to the uterus? | 3-5 days |
| True or false. The blastocyst is considered to be the future embryo. | True |
| Only after ____________ of the blastocyst is the female considered to be pregnant. | implantation |
| Placenta forms as soon as what occurs? | implantation |
| What is transported to the blastocyst via placenta? | Oxygen and nutrients |
| True or false. Embryo is the developing offspring during the later part of the pregnancy. | False.(Earlier) |
| What is the term used for the developing embryo in the later part of pregnancy? | Fetus |
| What is considered to be the support system for the fetus? | The placenta |
| True or false. The placenta grows along with the fetus. | True |
| What connects the placenta to the fetus? | Umbilical Cord |
| True or false. Fetal and maternal blood mixes. | False (Runs closely) |
| What are the 3 layers of the placenta? | 1-Amnion 2-Allantois 3-Chorion |
| What structure of the fetus is considered to be the waste tube and eventually makes up the baby's urethra? | Urachus |
| What layer of the placenta forms the amniotic sac directly around the fetus? | Amnion |
| What is the outermost layer of the placenta and is linked to the fetus by the umbilical cord? | Chorion |
| How many arteries and veins are contained within the umbilical cord? | 2 arteries, and 1 vein |
| What tube runs from the cranial tip of the fetus' bladder through the umbilical cord to the allantoic sac? | Urachus |
| True or false. The fetus produces urine. | False. |
| What are the 4 types of placental attachment? | 1-Diffuse 2-Cotyledonary 3-Zonary 4-Discoid |
| What type of placental attachment is found in pigs and horses? | Diffuse |
| What type of placental attachment is found in ruminants? | Cotyledonary |
| What type of placental attachment is found in cats and dogs? | Zonary |
| What type of placental attachment is found in humans and primates? | Discoid |
| What type of placental attachment is described as a single disc shaped area? | Discoid |
| What type of placental attachment is described as beltshaped, that encircles the placenta? | Zonary |
| What type of placental attachment is described as being spread evenly over the whole surface of the placenta as well as the lining of the uterus? | Diffuse |
| What type of placental attachment is described as suction cups and are small and numerous? | Cotyledonary |
| What is another name for pregnancy? | Gestation period |
| What is the period from implantation to delivery termed? | Gestation period |
| What are the 3 segments of pregnancy called? | Trimesters |
| What occurs in the 1st trimester? | Embryo implants and placental develops |
| What occurs in the 2nd trimester? | Embryo is now called fetus and parts begin taking shape and developing |
| What occurs in the 3rd trimester? | Dramatic fetal growth. |
| What is the gestation period of a cat? | 2 months (56-69 days) |
| What is the gestation period of a dog? | 2 months (59-68 days) |
| What is the gestation period of a ferret? | 6 weeks (42 days) |
| What is the gestation period of a Horse? | 11 months (321-346 days) |
| What is the gestation period of a human? | 9 months (280 days) |
| What is the gestation period of pig? | 3 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days (110-116 days) |
| What is another name for the process of giving birth? | Parturition |
| At what point do the lungs of a newborn become functional? | Parturition |
| What 3 things trigger parturition? | Size and weight of uterus as well as hormone levels |
| Increased levels of _________________ stimulate rise in _____________ levels. | Glucocorticoid hormones; estrogen |
| What are the 3 stages of labor? | 1-Uterine Contractions 2-Delivery of newborn 3-Delivery of placenta |
| True or false. The mother often eats the placenta. | True |
| True or false. In multiparous animals, the last 2 stages of perturition will mix with one another, delivering newborn and placenta alternatively. | True |
| Define dystopia. | Difficult birth |
| What is the most common cause of dystocia? | Fetus is too large to pass or in wrong position |
| What is an embryotomy? | Removal of a fetus, often removed in segments |
| What animals have only one opening per teat? | Cattle, sheep and goats |
| What animal has up to 20 openings per teat? | Dog |
| How many mammary glands are there? | 4 (Divided into quarters) |
| True or false. Each quarter of mammary glands share a milk secreting system as well as ducts. | False (Each has their own) |
| What suspends the udders of a cow? | Suspensory ligaments |
| True or false. The suspensory ligaments of the udders act as a shock absorber. | True |
| Define mastitis. | infection of the mammary gland |
| True or false. Mastitis can not spread through the bloodstream. | False |
| ________________ are the milk secreting ducts of the mammary glands. | Alveoli |
| Alveolar ducts empty into a large space called the ______________, which is where milk is extracted by the suckling young. | gland sinus |
| The ________________ is the passageway from the teat sinus to the outside. | streak canal |
| True or false. Mastitis can not spread through the bloodstream. | False |
| What two hormones directly encourage mammary gland development? | Prolactin and growth hormone |
| What 2 hormones encourage mammary alveoli and duct system development? | Estrogen and progesterone |
| What is the term for the process of milk production? | Lactation |
| What two hormones are involved with the starting of lactation? | Prolactin and growth hormone |
| What is another name for the first milk or premilk? | Colostrum |
| Define meconium. | First feces |
| True or false. Lactation continues as long as mammary glands are emptied regularly. | True |
| __________ causes myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and small ducts to contract squeezing milk downwards. | Oxytocin |
| What is the average amount of time it takes for milk to flow freely after milk let down? | up to a minute |
| What is the puerperal tetany or hypocalcemia tetany condition associated with pregnancy? | Exclampsia |
| How many phases are there in the canine ovarian cycle? | 4 (Not Metestrus) |
| What hormone causes the interpubic ligament to relax, allowing the pubic bones to spearate? | Relaxin |
| What hormone physically allows the fetus to pass through the pelvic canal? | Relaxin |
| What is another name for a matured ovarian follicle that has released an ovum? | Corpus Luteum |
| What hormone does the fetal pituitary gland secrete? | ACTH |
| During what estrous stage would you see zero neutrophils on a vaginal smear? | Estrus |
| What are the attachment sites for the cotyledon and caruncles? | Placentome |
| What is the area on the surface of the cotyledonary placenta? | Cotyledon |
| What is the area on the surface of the uterus when referring to a cotyledonary attachment? | Caruncle |
| During what trimester are there the highest chances for misscarriages? | First |
| What is the gestation cycle of a cow? | 9 months |
| What hormone decreases at parturition? | Progesterone |
| What hormone increases at parturition? | Estrogen |
| What hormone is sensitive during parturition and stimulates contractions? | Oxytocin |
| True or false. It is normal to deliver bulldogs via c-section. | True |
| How many teats does a cat/dog have? | 10 |
| How many teats do pigs have? | 14 |
| How many teats do humans and horses have? | 2 |
| True or false. Mastitis can not spread through the bloodstream. | False (It can) |
| What is the structure that forms the passageway from the teat sinus to the outside? | Streak Canal |
| What 2 hormones are responsible for making the milk for lactation? | Prolactin and LH |
| What term refers to the first feces? | Meconium |
| True or false. You should wait until your pet is fully weaned before providing vaccinations. | True |
| Drying up of the mammary gland requires approx. ________ days of not producing milk. | 7-14 |
| What hormone is responsible for squeezing the myoepithelial cells around the alveoli that releases milk? | Oxytocin |
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