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Ch 13 Nervous System
A&P Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _______________ is the study of the nervous system. | Neurology |
| ______________ and ______________ are the main divisions of the nervous system. | Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| The CNS consists of what parts of the body? | The brain and spinal cord. |
| The PNS consists of what parts of the body? | Everything but the the brain and the spinal cord. |
| ____________, _________________, and ______________ are the functions of the nervous system. | Sensory, Integrating, and Motor |
| ___________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system. | Neuron |
| True or false. The neuron has a high oxygen requirement. | True |
| Neurons can not reproduce but in some cases can _________________. | Regenerate |
| ____________ are the supporting cells to neurons, and wrap around the axon. | Neuroglia or Glial Cells |
| _______________ are more numerous than neurons and do not transmit impulses. | Neuroglia |
| Name the 3 primary structures of the neuron. | Soma, dendrites, axon. |
| What is another name for the soma, or central cell body? | Perikaryon |
| What part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses? | Axons |
| what is another name for secondary cells? | Effector cells |
| _______________ cover axons, and are an extension of the glial cells. | Myelin |
| ___________________ are myelin wrapped cells found outside of the brain and spinal cord. | Schwann cells |
| ____________________ are myelin wrapped cells found within the brain and spinal cord. | Oligodendrocytes |
| __________________ are the gaps in the myelin sheath. | Nodes of Ranvier |
| _______________________, _____________________, and _________________ are the three ways you can organize the nervous system. | Anatomical, Direction, and Function |
| The ____________ _______________ is the space between the terminal knobs of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. | Synaptic Cleft |
| True or false. Spinal nerves emerge from the brain. | False (From the spinal cord) |
| ____________ nerves conduct impulses away from the CNS. | Efferent |
| ____________ nerves conduct impulses toward the CNS. | Afferent |
| Afferent nerves are also called _________________. | Sensory nerves. |
| Efferent nerves are also called _________________. | Motor nerves. |
| Name the 3 cranial nerves that conduct both afferent and efferent impulses. | -Optic -Oculomotor -Glossopharyngeal |
| ____________________ refers to the functional organization of the nervous system that is under voluntary control. | Somatic Nervous System |
| __________________ branches into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. | Autonomic Nervous System |
| The resting state refers to _____________________________. | When the neuron is not stimulated |
| _______________________ keeps potassium in and sodium out of the cell. | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| For every ____ sodiums, there are ___ potassiums. | 3;2 |
| Define: Action potential | A change in electrical charge from a negative to a positive. |
| Define: Resting state | When neuron is not stimulated ( still working to maintain resting state) |
| Define: Threshold Stimulus | Must be sufficient to make the neuron respond and make complete depolarization |
| Def: All or nothing principle | Neuron must depolarize completely or not at all |
| What is the Refractory period? | Time when neuron is not sensitive to a stimulus |
| Def: Absolute Refractory | When no amount of stimulus can elicit another AP |
| Def Relative Refractory | Strong stimulus my elicit a response |
| What does a local anesthetic do? | Blocks the propagation of the action potential |
| Give an example of a local anesthetic drug name | Lidocaine |
| Def: Synapse | A junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell. |
| How are neurotransmitters released? | Depolarization reaches the the axon terminal, and release neurotransmitters |
| Where are neurotransmitters released from? | Calcium channels |
| What is a Neurotransmitter? | A chemical substance that is released and causes the transfer of the impulses to nerves |
| What are the 2 Types of neurotransmitters? | Excitatory and Inhibitory |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters do what? | Influx of Na+ postsynaptic membrane move towards threshold ( more positive) |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitter do what? | postsynaptic membrane move away from threshold ( more negative) |
| Acetylcholinesterase does what? | Breaks down acetylcholine ( found on synaptic membrane) |
| Monoamine oxidase Does what? | Breaks down norepinephrine |
| COMT (Catechol-O-methyl transferase) Does what? | Breaks down norepinephrine that is not reabsorbed |
| The Cerebrum is responsible for what? | For Higher order behaviors ( learning, intelligence, awareness) |
| What is the Cerebellum responsible for? | Coordinated movement, balance, posture and reflexes. |
| Brain stem is responsible for what? | Basic function of the body (subconscious, autonomic) |
| Autonomic nervous system function? | Controls the autonomic functions at a subconscious level |
| When is the resting potential restored? | During repolarization |
| Saltatory means _______________. | to leap |
| Where do saltatory contractions take place? | Nodes of Ranvier |
| What neuron is responsible for bringing the depolarization wave to the synapse? | Presynaptic neuron |
| What neuron contains receptors for the neurotransmitter? | Postsynaptic neuron |
| What is the slightly enlarged bulb at the end of an axon called? | terminal bouton (axon terminal) |
| What type of neurotransmitter has a lower threshold? | excitatory neurotransmitter |
| What type of neurotransmitter has a higher threshold? | inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| What neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on its location? | Acetylcholine |
| What are the 3 neurotransmitters included in the Catecholamines class? | -Norephinephrine -Epinephrine -Dopamine |
| What are the 4 primary structures of the brain? | -cerebrum -cerebellum -diencephalon -brain stem |
| What are the 2 components of the cerebrum? | Gray matter and white matter. |
| What is the cerebral cortex or outer layer of the brain called? | Gray matter |
| What are the fibers beneath the cortex and corpus callosum called? | White matter |
| What part of the brain is responsible for higher order behaviors? | Cerebrum |
| Define gyri. | the folds in the cerebral hemispheres |
| Define sulci. | The shallow grooves that divide the hemispheres into lobes |
| Define fissure. | Deep grooves that seperate the gyri. |
| What fissure seperates the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres? | Longitudinal fissure |
| What structure of the brain houses and protects the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands? | Diencephalon |
| What are the 3 parts of the brain stem? | -Medulla oblongata -Pons -Midbrain |
| True or false. Many of the cranial nerves originate from the brain stem. | True |
| Define meninges. | The connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is contained within the meninges? | Blood vessels, fluid and fat. |
| What are the 3 layers of the meninges? | Duramater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater |
| Where is the cerebrospinal fluid located? | In the subarachnoid space |
| What layer of the meninges is tough and fibrous? | Dura mater |
| What layer of the meninges is delicate and resembles a spiderweb? | Arachnoid |
| What seperates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue? | Blood-Brain barrier |
| True or false. Capillary walls in the brain have fenestrations. | False. |
| What prevents many drugs, proteins, ions, and other molecule from readily passing from the blood and into the brain? | Blood-brain barrier |
| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12 |
| What are the 2 primary structures of the spinal cord? | Medulla and Cortex |
| The medulla of the spinal cord is composed of what? | Gray matter |
| The outer portion of the spinal cord, or cortex contains what? | White matter |
| What types of nerve roots emerge from the spinal cord as spinal nerves? | Dorsal and Ventral |
| Dorsal nerve roots contain what type of fibers? | Sensory |
| Ventral nerve roots contain what type of fibers? | Motor |
| The spinal nerve contains what type of neurons? | Motor and sensory |
| The nerve for the the sympathetic nervous system emerges from where? | Thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions (Thoracolumbar) |
| The nerve for the parasympathetic nervous system emerges from where? | Brain and sacrum (Cranial-Sacral) |
| Afferent nerves are also know as _______ nerves and conduct impulses ____________ the CNS. | Sensory nerves; Toward |
| Efferent nerves are also know as _______ nerves and conduct impulses ____________ the CNS. | Motor nerves; Away |
| What is in charge of keeping Potassuim in the cell and sodium out? | Sodium-Potassium Pump |
| What refers to the number of potassium ions down the inside of a cell is versus the outside? | Resting Membrane Potential (Alwyas expressed as a negative number) |
| What is depolarization? | Both charges come together. |
| What is repolarization? | A change in the charge |
| Saltatory conduction occurs at the ______________ of each neuron covered in ________. | Nodes of Ranvier; Myelin |
| What 2 Chemicals break down Norepinephrine? | COMT and MAO |
| What three glands are housed in the Diencephalon? | Pituitary, Hypothalamus, and Thalamus |
| What is the primary function of the meninges? | To protect |
| What is the primary function of the CSF? | To Cushion |
| What is the largest portion of the brain called? | Cerebrum |
| What is the thinest layer of the meninges? | Pia Mater |
| True or false. A change in CSF can result in vomiting. | True |
| What is the most unique characteristic in regards to the capillary walls of the brain? | They have no fenestrations. |
| True or false. Tight junctions are not present in the blood-brain barrier. | False |
| Where do all 12 of the cranial nerves arise from? | Brain stem |
| What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine |
| What is another term for the Sympathetic nervous system? | Adrenergic |
| Sensory is controlled by which spinal cord root? | Dorsal |
| Motor is controlled by which spinal cord root? | Ventral |
| What are the 3 receptors for ephinephrine? | Alpha 1, Beta 1 and Beta 2 |
| What is caused by the Alpha 1 receptor? | Vasoconstriction |
| What is caused by the Beta 1 receptor? | Increased heart rate. |
| What is caused by the Beta 2 receptor? | Bronchodilation. |
| What is another term for parasympathetic nervous system? | Cholinergic. |
| What is the primary neurostransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system? | Acetylcholine |
| What are the two type of cholinergic neurons? | Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors. |
| What are the 4 primary types of reflexes? | 1-Somatic 2-Autonomic 3-Contralateral 4-Ipsilateral |
| Name a type of contralateral reflex. | Crossed extensor |
| Name a type of ipsilateral reflex. | Toe pinch test and a knee tap |
| Contralateral refers to what side of the body? | Opposite sides |
| Ipsilateral refers to what side of the body? | Same side |
| What are the 5 components of the reflex arc? | 1- Sensory receptor 2-Sensory Neuron 3-Interneuron 4-Motor neuron 5-Target organ |
| Hyporeflexive occurs _________________. | within the CNS |
| Hyperflexive occurs ___________________. | Outside of the CNS |
| IV = ___ | 4 |
| V = __ | 5 |
| VI = __ | 6 |
| VII = __ | 7 |
| VIII = ___ | 8 |
| IX = ____ | 9 |
| X = ____ | 10 |
| XI = ___ | 11 |
| XII = ___ | 12 |
| What is CN# 1? | Olfactory |
| What is CN# 2? | Optic |
| What is CN# 3? | Oculomotor |
| What is CN# 4? | Trochlear |
| What is CN# 5? | Trigeminal |
| What is CN# 6? | Abducent |
| What is CN# 7? | Facial |
| What is CN# 8? | Vestibulocochlear |
| What is CN# 9? | Glossopharyngeal |
| What is CN# 10? | Vagus |
| What is CN# 11? | Accessory |
| What is CN# 12? | Hypoglossal |
| True or false. Neuroglial can conduct impulses. | False |
| What is another name for the fatty substance known as white matter? | Myelin |
| What must occur in order for there to be an action potential? | Depolarization |
| During depolarization what ion channels are open? | Sodium |
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