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ANTH 1101
UNCC ANTH 1101 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fission | The splitting up of a population to form new populations |
| Gene Flow | The exchange of genes among populations through interbreeding |
| Gamete Sampling | The genetic change caused when genes are passed to new generations in frequencies different from those of parental generation |
| Estrus | In nonhuman mammals, the period of female fertility or signals indicating this condition (like dogs in heat etc) |
| Anatomically modern Homo sapiens | Created sophisticated cave art Have complete language as we know it today Developed cities ~300,000 ya Probably coexisted with Neanderthal |
| When a population splits into two or more new populations, the process is called: | Fission |
| Autralopithecus afarensis | Prognathism Sagittal crest Arms longer and legs shorter than ours |
| Robust australopithecus | Massive jaws and sagittal crest for chewing |
| Ethnography | Detailed study of a group of people usually over a short period of time |
| Ethnology | Comparative studies of cultures through longer periods of time |
| Acheulian Hand Axe | Made using baton/soft hammer techniqu, 1.4 mya to 200,000 ya, made by H erectus |
| Oldowan Tools | Made using a hard stone hammer, 2.5 mya to 1.5 mya, made by H habilis |
| Mutation | Random error in genetic code Only source of new genetic variation in a population |
| Founder Effect | Genetic differences between populations produced by the fact that genetically different individuals founded the populations |
| Genetic Drift | Genetic changes based on random changes within a species' gene pool; includes fission and the founder effect, and gamete sampling |
| Genotype | The genetic make up of a cell, organism or individual / the alleles possessed by an organism |
| Phenotype | The physical results of the genotype |
| Natural Selection | Evolutionary change based on the differential reproductive success of individuals |
| Gloger's Rule | Individuals in more humid climates (closer to the equator) are darker in color and in less humid climates (away from equator) are lighter in color |
| Bergmann/Allen's Rule | Individuals in colder climates are shorter and stockier, hold more heat b/c less surface area. Individuals in hotter climates are longer and leaner and release heat better b/c more surface area. Bergmann-body mass Allen- appendages |
| Characteristics of Anthropolgy as a Discipline | Wide Scope Holistic Comparative Perspective Participant Observation |
| 4 Subfields of Anthropolgy | Biological/Physical Sociocultural Archaeology Linguistics |
| Broca's Area and Wernicke's area | Parts in brain Broca- allows us to make speech Wernicke's - allows us to interpret speech |
| Meiosis | A special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction. In animals, meiosis produces gametes |
| Speciation | The evolution of a new species |
| Reproductive Isolation | inability of a species to interbreed after a long period of time |
| Lamarcks Inheritence of Acquired Character | Thought that species could change/evolve at will and then pass on these traits to their offspring |
| Foramen magnum | hole in the base of the skull that connects the spine to the brain- found in the center for humans due to walking upright. |
| Prejudice | a negative attitude towards an entire category of people such as racial or ethnic groups (ideas we have in our head) |
| Discrimination | The denial of opportunities and equal rights of individual and groups because of prejudice |
| Why Bi-pedalism? | More efficient Hands free for tools Less sun exposure Better visibility |
| First Hominid Name and age | Ardipithecus ramidus 5.8 mya to 4.4 mya |
| General Trends in Hominid Evolution | Brain size increases, Skills for making tools Loss of concern for social dominance, Increased social cooperation, Bipedalism |
| Homo habilis | ~2.3 - 1.6 mya Handy Man (now making tools) Decreased prognathism Increased brain size, scavengers, lived as groups, very mobile (followed food) |
| Homo erectus | 1.8 mya - 100,000 ya, longest living Homo (in terms of species), Larger brain, very mobile, large variety of tools, Turkana boy 1.5 mya, first to control fire, postcranial skeleton almost formed by now |
| Archaic Home sapien | 800,000 - 36,000 ya, Increasing brain size (tool diversity & sophistication), smaller brow ridges, chinless jaw, one type is Neanderthals |
| Neanderthals | 225,000 - 36,000 ya (Pleistocene), Part of Archaic H. sapien. Neander Valley in Germany, looked a little different than other archaic H sapiens |
| Ardipithecus ramidus | Found in Miocene, 5.8 - 1.8 mya, first hominid |
| Miocene | 22.5 - 5 mya, begins with Great African Apes our ancestors and ends with the first member of our family (hominid) Ardipithecus ramidus |
| Australopithecus anamensis | Pliocene, 4.2 mya, probably first Australopithecine, bipedal but very primitive |
| Australopithecus afarensis | Pliocene, 4 - 3 mya, more physical changes for bipedalism, still ape like, includes LUCY |
| Australopithecus africanus | Pliocene, 3 - 2 mya, TAUNG CHILD, Bipedal, ground dweller, no stone tools yet, spent time in trees to feed and avoid predators |
| Robust Australopithecines | Pliocene, 2.5 - 1 mya, genus Paranthropus?, A. aethiopicus 2.5 mya, A. robustus 2-1 mya, A. boisei 1.75 mya. |
| Genus Homo | Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene, ~2.3 mya |
| Mousterian Tools | Made using Levalloisian technique, made by Archaic H sapiens, Middle Old Stone Age 250,000 - 30,000 ya, percussion flaking |
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amandap
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