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Ch. 11 Digestive
A&P Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is another name for the alimentary canal? | Digestive tract |
| Define lumen. | The opening in the middle of the intestinal tract or any hollow organ. |
| True or false. Anything within the lumen is considered to be outside of the body. | True |
| What are the 2 types of stomachs? | Monogastric and complex. |
| Animals that have fermentation compartments in addition to the stomach are said to have which type of stomach? | Complex |
| What are the 5 functions of the GI tract? | 1-Prehension 2-Mastication 3-Chemical digestion 4-Absorbtion of nutrients 5-Waste elimination |
| Define prehension. | Grasping of food with the teeth or lips. |
| Gastro refers to what organ? | Stomach |
| Entero refers to what organ? | Intestines |
| What are the 4 layers of the GI tract? | -Mucosa -Submucosa -Muscles -Serosa |
| What is the outermost layer of the GI tract? | Serosa |
| Define mesentery. | Sheets of connective tissue |
| What type of tissue lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus? | Stratified squamous. |
| What type of tissue allows for absorbtion within the GI tract? | Simple columnar |
| What type of muscle controls defecation? | Skeletal muscle |
| What type of muscle is involved in the middle portion of the GI tract? | Smooth muscle |
| Name the two types of contractions involved in movement of food through the digestive system. | Peristalsis contractions and segmental contractions |
| What is another name for the mouth/oral cavity? | Buccal cavity |
| Name the 7 primary structures of the mouth. | -Lips -Tongue -Teeth -Salivary -Hard palate -Soft palate -Oropharynx |
| Most animals have how many matching pairs of salivary glands? | 3 |
| Name the 3 sets of salivary glands. | -Parotid -Mandibular -Sublingual |
| True or false. Salivary glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. | True |
| What structure of the mouth increases surface area of the food that is exposed to digestive processes? | Teeth |
| Lingual refers to what portion of the mouth? | The inner surface of the lower arcade |
| Palatal refers to what portion of the mouth? | The inner surface of the upper arcade |
| Labial refers to what portion of the mouth? | Rostral or outer surface of both arcades. |
| Buccal refers to what portion of the mouth? | Caudal or outer surface of the teeth. Towards the cheek. |
| Occlusal refers to what portion of the mouth? | The surface that grind with other teeth. |
| What are the 2 types of teeth shapes? | Carnivore (Pointed) and herbivore (Flat) |
| What are the 4 types of teeth and the letter that represents them? | Incisors (I), Canines (C), Premolars (P), and Molars (M) |
| What teeth are referred to when in lowercase letters? | Deciduous or the baby teeth |
| Which teeth do ruminants not have and what will you find replacing them? | They do not have upper incisors or canines. They have a dental pad instead. |
| What is the dental formula of a canine puppy and how many teeth do they have? | i3/3 c1/1 p3/3 (28 teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a canine adult and how many teeth do they have? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 (42 Teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a feline kitten and how many teeth do they have? | i3/3 c1/1 p3/2 (26 teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a feline adult and how many teeth do they have? | I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 (30 teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a equine adult and how many teeth do they have? | I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M3/3 (40-42 teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a porcine adult and how many teeth do they have? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3 (44 teeth) |
| What is the dental formula of a bovine adult and how many teeth do they have? | I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3 (32 teeth) |
| When using the triadian system for dental charting which number is given to which quadrant? | 100- Upper right 200- Upper left 300- Lower left 400- Lower right |
| When you are charting during a dental and you circle a specific tooth, what are you stating about that tooth? | The tooth is missing. |
| When you are charting during a dental and you X out a specific tooth, what are you stating about that tooth? | The tooth was extracted. |
| What is another name of the upper fourth premolar? | Carnassial tooth |
| When referring to teeth 104, 204, 304 and 404, you are talking about what tooth of the animal? | The canine |
| True or false. The teeth are living structures. | True |
| The apex of the tooth faces what structure of the oral cavity? | The gums |
| The pulp of the teeth lies just below what? | The dentin |
| What is the hardest substance found within the human body? | Enamel |
| What structure helps to fasten a tooth to a body socket? | Cememtum |
| Define supernumary. | An animal with more teeth than one should have. |
| At what age might you notice the adult canine teeth growing on your puppy? | 6 months |
| Dental Prophylaxis/ Prevention should be started at what age? | 9 months old |
| What are the 4 functions of the oral cavity? | 1- Prehension 2- Macticate 3- Chemically digest 4- Swallowing |
| What are the 2 common enzymes found in the digestive system? | Amylase and Lipase |
| What digestive enzyme is found in omnivores but has never been found in carnivores? | Amylase |
| What 2 enzymes are involved with a cow's digestive tract? | Sodium bicarbonate and phosphate |
| How much saliva can a single cattle produce in a single day? | 25-30 gallons |
| Which animals can't vomit? | Horses and rabbits |
| Hooking an animal up to an IV of Everclear would only be done when what has happened? | The animal has swallowed something corrosive or harmful. |
| What type of diet must be given to a patient with a megaesophagus? | Liquids only |
| What are the 5 primary parts of the stomach? | -Cardia -Fundus -Body -Pylorus -Plyoric Antrum |
| Which sphincter in the body allows the chyme from stomach to the duodenum? | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Define Chyme | Digested stomach contents |
| There are 3 key cells involved in the stomach, what are they? | Parietal, Chief cells, and mucous cells |
| What do Parietal cells produce? | Hydrochloric Acid |
| What do Chief cells produce? | Pepsinogen --> Pepsin--> To breaks proteins into AAs |
| Where is the G-cell located? | Pyloric antrum |
| What does the G-Cell produce? | The hormone Gastrin |
| Define gastric ulcers | Erosions of epithelium of the stomach. |
| Define Rugae. | Long folds in the stomach. |
| True or false. The Pyloric Sphincter stays partially open at all times. | True |
| What type of muscles assist in the muscular layer of the stomach? | Circular and longitudinal |
| True or false. Whaen the body and fundus of the stomach contract, the Pyloric Antrum is relaxing. | True |
| True or false. The Abomasum and the simple stomach that dogs have are two different stomachs. | False. |
| What is cranial nerver number 10? | Vagus Nerve |
| Name the relex that prevents the stomach from emptying until the intestines are able to handle more. | Enterogastric relex |
| What is the pH of a monogastric stomach? | 2-3pH |
| What cells create the forcefield that surrounds the stomach making it act as a buffer against HCl? | Mucus Cells |
| What is the primary function of chief cells? | To break down proteins in the stomach. |
| What is the primary functions of Cholecystokinin (CCK)? | To break down fats in the stomach and to stop contractions of the Anthrum. |
| What are the 3 receptors that regulate acid production? | -Acetylcholine -Gastrin -Histamine |
| What increases HCl production? | Gastrin |
| Which chemical, that is also a recepter, is chemically associated with inflammation? | Histamine |
| True or false. Intestines have the higher pH when compared to the stomach? | True |
| True or false. The stomach has a lower pH when compaired to the intestined? | True |
| Where is the secretin gland located? | Intestines |
| What two prostaglandins were discussed in class and are both beneficial to the body? | PGE and PGI |
| What does NSAID stand for? | Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug |
| Name at least 3 NSAIDs. | -Ibuprofen -Acetaminophen -Meloxicam |
| What do NSAIDs, once taken, attack? | All prostaglandins in the body. |
| Define regurgitation. | Spitting up undigested food. |
| Define vomiting. | Dry heaving at times, spitting up digested food. |
| Define Erucation. | Burping. An expulsion of built up CO2or methane gas. |
| What is an ideal range of a ruminants pH level in the stomach? | 5.8-6.4pH |
| Why do ruminants have higher pH levels that that of your typical monogastric? | Bacteria levels creating it to be more basic. |
| In which chamber of the complex stomach does fermentation occur? | Rumen |
| Which disease is associated with the reticulum annd involves a magnet? | Hardware disease. |
| How long do cows spend chewing their cud? | 6-8 hours. Approx. |
| Define VFAs. | Volatile Fatty Acids |
| What produces VFAs? | Bacteria. |
| What converts proteins to peptides? | A protease |
| What are the only chambers a cow can regurgitate from? | Rumen and reticulum |
| Which chamber absorbs VFAs and water? | Abomasum |
| What is considered to be the true stomach when referring to ruminants? | Abomasum |
| What disease affects the villi of the GI tract? | Parvovirus |
| What is another name for the cecum? | Blind pouch |
| What is another name for the vestigeal cecum? | Appendix |
| Define crypts as pertaining to the villi. | The depressions between each villi. |
| Name the 3 parts of the small intestine. | -Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum |
| What is the fetal bypass structure in ruminants for those that suckle? | The milk when suckled ONLY, will travel directly to the last two chambers, moving alongside the esphageal groove. |
| Name the 3 electrolytes. | -Sodium -Chloride -Potassium |
| True or false: All electrolytes can be readily absorbed. | True |
| What attaches directly to B12 solely for absorbtion? | Intrinsic factor |
| Define Ileus. | A decreased movement of the ingesta |
| How many ways can protein be broken down for ingestion? | 5 |
| Name the process of breaking protein down that must be slit in the middle to have their bonds broken. | Trypsin, Chymotrypsin and Elastase |
| Name the processes that break down proteins by breaking them off at a specific end. | Aminopeptidase and Carboxypeptidase |
| True or false. C-O-O-H Is the carboxy end of an amino acid. | True |
| True or false. NH2 is the amino end of an amino acid. | True |
| How many roots does the carnassial tooth have? | 3 |
| Teeth #108 and 208 are also referred to as what teeth? | Carnassial teeth |
| Name the condition that occurs when the esophagus has lost muscle tone. | Megaesophagus |
| True or false. Pepsin only works in high pH levels. | False. Low pH levels. |
| _____________________ and mucus help to neutralize HCl by acting as a buffer system on the stomach's lining. | Bicarbonate Ion |
| The liver converts ___________ into usable glucose. | Propionic acid |
| Where are VFAs absorbed in the complex stomach before being converted by the liver? | Rumen and reticulum |
| Name the 4 enzymes found in the cell membrane of microvilli that convert sugar. | -Sucrase -Maltase -Isomaltase -Lactase |
| __________________ destroys the fat globule from the inside out and is secreted by the liver. | Bile acids |
| What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? | A, D, E and K |
| What are the 2 methods of breaking down fat globules? | Emulsification and Michelle |
| True or false. Haustra refer to the individual segments/sections of the colon. | True |
| True or false. Megacolon results in constipation. | True |
| Name 2 ways of treating a patient with a megacolon. | -Enema -High fiber diet |
| Name the 3 parts of the large intestine. | -Cecum -Colon -Rectum |
| During hindgut fermentation, ingesta from the small intestine must pass through which sphincter before entering the cecum? | Ileocecal |
| Which structure seperates the cecum from the colon? | Cecocolic orifice |
| Where does fermentation occur in animals that have hindgut fermentation? | Cecum |
| Name 5 animals that have hindgut fermentation. | -Horse -Guinea pig -Swine -Rat -Rabbit |
| True or false. Surgery can be performed for colic. | False. |
| Name 2 ways you might treat colic. | -Increase motility -Use of mineral oil |
| True or false. The colon is capable of expanding more than the rectum. | False |
| Define defecation. | The process of expelling feces. |
| What is the terminal portion of the large intestine? | Rectum |
| How many sphincters are involved with the anus? | 2 |
| Name the 2 sphincters involved with the anus. | -Internal (Involuntary) -External (Voluntary) |
| Where is bile produced? | The liver. |
| Where is bile stored? | The gallbladder. |
| True or false. Anal glands are truely glandular. | False. |
| Name the 2 liver enzymes. | -ALT -ALKPHOS |
| Define ALT. | Alanine transferase |
| Define ALKPHOS. | Alkaline Phosphate |
| True or false. The liver can rejuvenate. | True |
| Where are bile acids produced? | The liver. |
| Name the test that is used when checking liver function due to an increase in enzymes. | Bile Acid Test |
| What organ contains endocrine glands, exocrine glands and produces enzymes? | Pancreas |
| Where is bicarbonate secreted? | Pancreas |
| What is referred to as the beta cells? | Insulin |
| What is referred to as the alpha cells? | Glucagon |
| Lack of insulin leads to what condition? | Diabetes Mellitus |
| Where in the pancreas is insulin produced? | Islets of Langerhans |
| What is released to increase the body's clucose levels? | Glucagon |
| Define EPI. | Exocrine Pancreatic Insuffiency |
| How is EPI treated? | Adding a powdered form of digestive enzymes to the animals food. |
| How do you test for EPI? | TLI Test (Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity) |
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