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Seeing Sociology 1-4
Seeing Sociology Chapters 1-4 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sociology | the scientific study of human activity in society |
| social forces | anything human or otherwise created that influence, pressure, or push people to interact, behave, or think in specified ways |
| social facts | collectively imposed ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that have "the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual." |
| egoistic | a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are weak |
| altrusistic | a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are such that a person's sense of self can not be seperated from the group |
| anomic | a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are disrupted due to dramatic changes in circumstances |
| fatalistic | a state in which the ties attaching the individual to the group are so opporessive there is no hope or release |
| sociological imagination | a perspective that allows us to consider how outside forces, especially our time in history and the place we live, shapre our stories and biographies. |
| biography | consists of all the events and day |
| troubles | individual problems, or difficulties that are caused by personal shortcomings |
| issues | a societal matter that affects many people and than can only be explained by larger social forces that transcend the individuals effected |
| Industrial Revolution | the name given to the changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, and mining that transformed virtually every aspect of society from the 1300's on |
| mechanization | the process of replacing human and animal muscle as a source of power with external sources of power |
| positivism | valid knowledge about the world can be derived only from using the scientific method |
| social statics | forces that hold societies tohether and give them endurance over time |
| social dynamics | forces that cause societies to change |
| class conflict | an antagonism growing out of the opposing interests held by exploited and exploiting classes |
| means of production | the resources such as land, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor that are essential to the production and distribution of goods and services |
| bourgeoises | owners of the means of production |
| proletariat | individuals that sell their labor to the bourgeoise |
| solidarity | the system of social ties that acts as a cement connecting people to one another and to the wider society |
| mechanical solidarity | a system of social ties based on uniform thinking and behavior |
| organic solidarity | a system of social ties founded on interdependence, specialization, and cooperation. |
| social action | actions people take in response to others |
| disenchantment | a great spiritual void accompanies by a crisis of meaning |
| sympathetic knowledge | firsthand knowledge gained by living and working among thosr being studied |
| sociological theory | a framework for thinking about and explaining how societies are organized and/or how people in them relate to one another and respond to their surroundings |
| macrosociology | focuses on large |
| microsociology | focuses on small |
| function | the contribution a part makes to maintain the stability of an existing social order |
| manifest functions | a part's anticipated, recognized, or intended effects on maintaining social order. |
| latent functions | a part's unanticipated, unrecognized, or unintended effects on maintaining a social order. |
| manifest dysfuctions | a part's anticipated disruptions to an existing social order. |
| latent dysfuntions | unanticipated disruptions ro the existing social order |
| ideologies | seemingly commonsense views justifying the existing state of affairs |
| self awareness | occurs when a person is able to observe and evaluate the self from another's viewpoint |
| symbol | any kind of object to which people assign a name, meaning or value |
| negotiated order | the sum of existing expectations and newly negotiaed ones |
| research design | a plan for gathering data on a chosen topic |
| methods of data collection | the procedures used to gather relevant data |
| sample | a portion of the cases from the population of interest |
| random samples | a subset of the targeted population in which every case has an equal chance of being slected |
| sampling frame | a complete list of every case in the population |
| nonrandom samples | a subset of the targeted population that is accessible for study |
| self administered survey | a set of questions that respondents read and answer |
| observation | involves watching, listening to, and recording human activity as it happens |
| nonparticipant observations | consists of detached watching and listening |
| participant observation | when researchers join a group, interact directly with those they are studying, assume a role critical to a group's purpose |
| Hawthorne effect | a phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavior simply because they are heing observed. |
| secondary sources | data that has been collected for a purpose not related to the research study |
| case studies | objective accounts intended to educate redears about a person, group, or situation |
| experimental designs | a highly systematic method used to study people assigned to two groups where the only difference is one group is exposed to some action and the other group is not |
| research methods | the various techniques that sociologists and other investigators use to formulate and answer meaningful questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data |
| scientific method | a carefully planned research process with the goal of generating observations and data that can be verified by others |
| variable | any behavior or charactristic that consists of more than one category. |
| operationalized | the researched must give clear, precise instructions on how to observe or measure them |
| validity | the operational definition is really measuring what it is intended to measure |
| dependent variable | the variable to be explained or predicted |
| independed variabe | the variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable |
| hypothesis | the relationship between independent and dependent variables |
| culture | the way of life of a people |
| society | a group of interacting people who share, pass on, and create culture |
| cultural universals | things that all cultures have in common |
| cultural particulars | specific practices that distinguish cultures from one another |
| social emotions | feelings that we experience as we related to other people |
| material culture | consists of all the physical objects that people have invented or borrowed from other cultures |
| nonmaterial culture | the intangiable human creations that include beliefs, values, norms, and symbols |
| beliefs | conceptions that people accept as true concerning how the world operated and the place of the individual in relationship with others. |
| values | general, shared conceptions of what is good, right, desirable, or important |
| norms | written and unwritten rules that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation |
| folkways | norms that apply to the mundane aspect or details of daily life |
| mores | norms that people define as essential to the well being of a group |
| symbols | anything to which people assign a name and meaining |
| language | a symbol system that assigns meaning to particular sounds, gestures, pictures, or specific combination of letters |
| linguistic relativity hypothosis | no two languages respresent the same social reality |
| cultural diversity | the cultural variety that exists among people who find themselves sharing some physical or virtual space |
| subcultures | groups that share certain parts of the mainstream culture, but have distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, etc. that set them apart in some way |
| countercultures | subcultures challenge, contradict, or outright reject the mainstream culture |
| communitarian utopians | withdraw into a seperate community where the can live with minimum interference from the larger society |
| mystics | search for the truth and themselve, and in the process, turn inward |
| radical activists | preach, create, or demand a new order with new obligations to others |
| ethnocentrism | a point of view in which people use their home culture as the standard for judging the worth of another culture's ways |
| reverse ethnocentrism | a home culture is regarded as inferior to a foreign culture |
| cultural relativism | a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of the home culture, and that a behavior or way of thinking should be examined in a cultural context |
| culture shock | a mental and physical strain that people experience when they are exposed to a new culture |
| reentry shock | culture shock, in reverse, upon returning home after living in another culture |
| cultural diffusion | process by which an idea, an invention, or a way of behaving is borrowed from another culture and then adopted |
| adaptive culture | the role that norms, values, and beliefs of the borrowing culture play in adjusting to a new product or innovation |
| cultural lag | refers to a situation in which adaptive culture dails to adjust in necessary ways to a material innovation and its disruptive consequences |
| global interdependence | a situation in which human relationships and activities transcend national borders and in which social problems are felt locally and globally |
| globalization | the ever increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, tech, info, and other items across political borders |
| consumerism | the meaning of life is to be found in the things thay we possess. |
| socialization | the lifelong process by which people learn the ways of the society in which they live |
| sense of self | when one can step outside the self and see it from another's point of view and imagine the effects of their words and actions on others |
| internalization | a process by which people accept as binding learned ways of thinking, appearing, and behaving. |
| nature | comprises human genetic makeup or biological inheritence |
| nurture | refers to the social environment, or to the interaction experiences that make up every person's life |
| roletaking | stepping into another person's hoes to view ourselves |
| significant other | people or characters such as cartoon characters. a parent, or family pet |
| play | a voluntary, spontaneous activity with few or no normal rules |
| games | structured, organized activities that involve more than one person |
| generalized other | a system of expected behaviors and meanings that transcend the people participating |
| significant symbols | gestures that convey the same meaning to the persons transmitting and recieving them |
| gesture | any action that requires people to interpret its meaning before responding |
| self referent terms | distinguishes the self and to specify the statuses one holds in society |
| "me" | social self |
| "I" | active and creative aspect of the self |
| looking glass self | describes a way in which a sense of self develops: people act as mirrors for one another |
| sensorimotor stage | children are driven to explore the world through their senses |
| preoperational stage | children assign human feelings to inatimate objects |
| conrete operational stage | children can take the role of the other |
| formal operational stage | children can think abstractly |
| resocialization | a process that involves breaking with behaviors and ways of thinking that are unsuited to existing or changing circumstances |
| total institutions | people are isolated from the rest of society o undergo systematic resocialization |
| mortification | when the self is striped of all its suppportes and "shaped and coded." |
| agents of socialization | significant people, groups, and institutions that shape our sense of self and social identity |
| primary group | a social group whose members share an identity, have face |
| peer group | consists of people who are approximately the same age, participate in the same day |
| peer pressure | instances in which people feel directly or indirectly pressured to engange in behavior that meets the approval and expecation of peers and/or to fit in which what peers are doing |
| mass media | forms of communication designed to reach large audiences without direct face to face contact between those conveying and recieving messages |
| social media | includes the internet and other digital techlogies that allow people to interact with eachother |
| social structure | a largely invisible system that coordinates human activities in broadly predictable ways |
| social status | a human |
| ascribed status | the result of chance that people exert no effort to obtain them |
| achieved status | aquired through some combination of personal choice, effort, and ability. |
| status set | captures all the statuses any one person assumes |
| master status | a status which shapes every aspect of life |
| role | describes the behavior expected of a status in relation to another status |
| role set | the various role relationships with which someone occupying a status is involved |
| role expectations | norms about how a role should be enacted relative to other statuses |
| role performances | the actual behavior of the person occupying a role do not meet expectations |
| role conflict | a predicament in which the roles associated with two or more distinct statuses that a person holds conflict in some way. |
| role strain | a predicament in which there are contradictory or conflicting role expectations with a single status |
| group | consists of two or more people interacting in largely predictable ways |
| primary groups | characterized by face |
| secondary groups | consist of two or more people who interact for a specific purpose |
| institutions | relatively stable and predictable social arrangements created and sustained by people that have emerged over time with the purpose of coordinating human activities to meet some need |
| division of labor | refers to work that is broken down into specialized tasks |
| social network | a web of social relationships linking people to one another |
| closely knit network | when all or most of the people in it know each other across a wide range of settings |
| loosely knit network | when all or most of the people in it do not know one another very well |
| strong ties | people we most interact with, feel emotion for, confide in, and reciprocate favors for. |
| weak ties | people we know something about but are not especially close |
| formal organizations | coodinating mechanisms that bring people, resources, and technology and then direct human activity toward achieving human a specific outcome |
| voluntary organizations | draw in people who give time, talent, or moeny to address a human and community need |
| bureaucracy | a completely rational organization that uses the most efficient means to achieve a valued goal |
| coercive organizations | draw in people who have no choice to participate |
| utilitarian organizations | draw in those seeking to offer their labor, seeking to change a status, looking to acquire a skill, etc. |
| ideal type | a deliberate simplication or caricature that it exaggerates essential traits of something. |
| formal dimension | the official, by the book way an organization should operate |
| informal dimension | encompasses any aspect of the organization's operations that departs from the way the organization is officially supposed to operate |
| group | defined as two or more people who interact and are subjugated to group expectations and obligations |
| dyad | consists of two people |
| comprehensive dyad | involved parties have more than a superficial knowledge of each other's personality |
| segmented dyads | the paries know much less of the other's personal life; they do know the specific situation of their relationship |
| triad | a three person group |
| oligarchy | rule by the few |
| instrumental rational action | result oriented behavior and practices that emphasize the most efficient methods for achieving some valued goal, regardless of the consequences |
| rationalization | a process in which thought and action rooted in emotion, superstition, respect for mysterious forces, or tradition is replaced by instrumental rational action or means to end thinking |
| McDonaldization of society | the principles of the fast food industry are coming to dominate other sectors of american society |
| efficiency | using the method that will achieve a deseried end in the shortest amount of time |
| calcuability | emphasizes numberican indicators by which customers and the service providers can judge the amount of product and the speed of service |
| predictability | the expectation that a service or product will be the same no matter where in the world it is purchased |
| control | involves replacing employee labor with nonhuman technologies and/or requiring that employees and customers behave in a certain way |
| iron cage of irrationality | the process by which supposedly rational systems produce irrationalities |
| alienation | a state of being in which humans lose their control over the social world they have created and are cominated by the forces of their inventions |
| impression management | people manage the setting, their dress, their words, and their gestures, so that they correspond to an impression they are trying to make |
| emotional labor | work that requires employees to display and suppress specific emotions and/or manage customers/client emotions |
| emotion work | when employees constantly work at managing their feelings |
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AlyRuth
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