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Clin Lab III Wk1-2
Introduction to UA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name 3 functions of the kidney | 1) Maintenance of blood pressure & erythropoiesis, 2) balance water & salts & acid/base status, 3) filter blood of toxins, urea, medications & excess electrolytes |
| What are the indications of performing a urinalysis | Routine screening, Detection of hemolysis, Detection of certain crystals, Early indicator of renal, endocrine, or metabolic disease, Dehydration, Clinical or biochemical evidence of urinary tract disease |
| What are 3 methods of urine collection? | 1) Free catch, 2) Catheterization, 3) Cystocentesis |
| What's a potential contamination for free catch? | Bacterial |
| What's a potential contamination for catheterization? | Cells from urethra wall |
| What's a potential contamination for cystocentesis? | Blood |
| What are 3 factors that influence urine production? | Diet, fluid intake, and physical activity |
| What is the normal urine production? | 1-2ml/kg of body weight/hr |
| What is frequent urination? | Pollakuria |
| What is increased urine output or production? | Polyuria |
| What is a decrease in output or elimination of urine? | Oliguria |
| How soon should the urinalysis be performed? | 30 minutes |
| If you're unable to perform a UA in time what should be done with the urine? | Should be refrigerated |
| What does gross examination of urine include? | Color, odor, transparency/appearance |
| What color will urine be with an increased specific gravity? | Dark yellow |
| What color will urine be with hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, and hematuria? | Pink or red |
| What color will urine be with bilirubinuria or methemoglobinuria? | Brown |
| What color will urine be with certain medications or bacterial infections? | Green-blue |
| What color will urine be with a presence of pus or increased flocculence due to crystals/debris? | Milky white |
| What two elements can be found in urine sediment and should be evaluated at 10x power? | Crystals and casts |
| What epithelial cells lines the distal urethra and external genitalia? | Squamous |
| What epithelial cells line the cranial urethra, bladder, ureters, and distal renal pelvis? | Transitional |
| What epithelial cells line the renal tubules? | Renal epithelial cells |
| Name 4 elements that might be adhered to a cast that indicate renal pathology | 1) RBCs 2) WBCs 3) Degenerated cells 4) Epithelial cells |
| Are uric acid, calcium oxalates, and calcium sulfates acidic or alkaline crystals? | Acidic |
| Are triple phosphate, calcium carbonate, and ammonium biurate alkaline or acidic crystals? | Alkaline |
| What might a fruity odor to urine indicate? | Ketonuria |
| What are the normal USG values for dogs? | 1.015-1.045 |
| What are the normal USG values for cats? | 1.020-1.040 |
| What step of the UA should be performed before the urine is refrigerated? | Specific gravity |
| What type of urine pH do herbivores have? | Alkaline |
| What type of urine pH do carnivores have? | Acidic |
| What will indicate tubule and/or reabsorption defects? | Proteinuria |
| What are three causes of glucosuria? | 1) Diabetes mellitus, 2) Stress, 3) Pancreatic disease |
| What can excess levels of ketones in the blood lead to? | Coma, depressed CNS, acidosis |
| What is a by-product of hemoglobin metabolism? | Bilirubin |
| How is bilirubin normally excreted? | The GI tract |
| On a microscopic sediment exam what will indicate true hematuria? | Red blood cells |
| What color supernatant will indicate a true hematuria? | Clear |
| What are two inaccurate results on the urine dipstick? | Leukocytes and specific gravity |
| What are the settings for centrifuging urine? | 3000RPMs and 5 minutes |
| Will cells shrink or swell in concentrated urine? | Shrink |
| Will cells shrink or swell in dilute urine? | Swell |
| What does the prefix "py" indicate in pyuria? | Excessive WBCs |
| What cast is most prevalent in dehydration and strenuous exercise? | Hyaline |
| What can RBCs most often be mistaken for on microscopic exam? | Air bubbles and fat droplets |
| What is the main functioning unit of the kidney? | The nephron |
| What is a complete absence of urine output or elimination, associated with renal failure, urine obstruction? | Anuria |
| Production of ammonia by bacteria is a consequence of delayed examination and storage of urine. What will this cause? | Increase in pH and eventual formation of crystals |
| What will an increase of pH cause destruction of? | Casts and blood cells |
| What will cloudy urine have presence of? | Leukocytes, epithelial cells, crystals, bacteria, mucous, erythrocytes |
| What is urine described as if large particles are present that can be seen with the naked eye? | Flocculent |
| Does a decreased or increased USG caused by increase in fluid intake, acute compromised renal function, and diuretic therapy? | Decreased USG |
| Does a decreased or increased USG caused by dehydration, decreased water intake, and shock? | Increased USG |
| What is Hyposthenuria? | Deceased USG |
| What is hypersthenuria? | Increased USG |
| What is it called when the USG is 1.010? | Isosthenuria |
| What influences pH in urine? | Dietary intake and by |
| Is normal urine acidic or basic and why? | Acidic because normal metabolism produces an excess of acids |
| What pH is acidic urine? | <7 |
| What is the pH of alkaline urine? | >7 |
| True/False All glucose should normally be reabsorbed into the blood stream | True |
| What is the main cause of glucosuria? | Diabetes mellitus |
| What is the end product of fatty acid metabolism? | Ketones |
| What can ketosis lead to? | Acidosis, CNS depression and coma |
| What are bile pigments in the urine? | bilirubin/urobilinogen |
| What is a by-product of hemoglobin metabolism? | Bilirubin |
| What is caused by liver disease, hepatic outflow obstruction, and hemolytic anemia? | Bilirubinuria |
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