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A+P Bones
Anatomy and Physiology
| bone | second hardest natural substance in the body, composed of cells embeded in a matrix |
| what is bone composed of? | cells embedded in a matrix |
| what is the matrix? | collagen fibers embedded in a protein and polysaccharides |
| who are the cells? | osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| cancellous bone | spongy, tiny spicules of bone that appear random |
| compact bone | heavy dense, shafts of long bones and outside layer of all bones |
| haversian systems | concentric-layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central haversian canal |
| haversian canal cotains? | blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves |
| *what does calcitonin help prevent? | hypercalcemia |
| *what does parathyriod hormone prevent? | hypocalcemia |
| *calcitonin | lowers blood calcium deposits calcium into bones |
| *parathyriod hormone | highers blood calcium pulls calcium out of bones |
| why is is so important that blood calcium remain within normal limits? | for muscle contraction, blood cloting, milk secretion, skeleton formation, and maintenance to work |
| periosteum | membrane that covers outer surfaces of bones |
| endosteum | lines hollow interior surfaces of bone |
| endochondral bone formation | creates a cartilage that's replaced by bone |
| intramembranous bone formation | bone forms in fibrous tissue membranes that cover brain in developing fetus, creates flat bones |
| types of bone cells? what are their roles? | osteoblasts form bone and secrete matrix, osteocytes once surrounded by bone, osteoclasts eat away bone |
| functions of bone | support-body, protection-vital organs and tissues, leverage-levers for skeletal muscle to move body, storage, blood cell formation |
| which bone formation is employed by the most bones in the body? | endochondral bone formation |
| what are the bone shape categories? | long-limbs, short-carpal, flat-scapulae, irregular-vertebrae |
| yellow bone marrow | primarily fat tissue in adults, can revert to red if needed |
| red bone marrow | hematopoietic tissue in young animals |
| foramen | hole |
| fossa | depressed area |
| what makes up the axial skeleton? | head and trunk |
| what makes up the appendicular skeleton? | limbs |
| skull bones | most complex |
| frontal bones | form forehead |
| temporal bones | form lateral walls- mandible |
| ethmoid bone | contains cribriform plate |
| occipital bone | forms base |
| sphenpoid bone | forms ventral (bottom) |
| what is the TMJ | temporal mandibular joints |
| what are bones of the inner ear? | ossicles-> malleus-hammer, incus-anvil, stapes- stirrup |
| external acoustic meatus | bony canal that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities |
| nasal turbinates | (nasal conchae) scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity, forces air inhaled through nose |
| hyoid apparatus | (hyoid bone) helps animal to swallow |
| sternebrae | series of rod-like bones |
| manubrium | most cranial |
| xiphoid | most caudal |
| olecranon process is site of attachment for? | tendon of brachii muscle attaches |
| what do scapula and humerus make up? | shoulder |
| what do ulna and radius make up? | elbow |
| canon bone and splint bones are derived from? | metacarpals |
| long and short pasterns derived from? | phalanges |
| coffin bone | distal phalanx |
| navicular bone | distal sesamoid |
| which joint of the forelimb is the "knee"? | carpus/carpal |
| metalcarpals are fused: which? | III and IV |
| digits | toes |
| how many digits do horses have | one |
| how many digits do cattle have | four |
| what are sesamoid bones? | irregular bones in tendons |
| what is the largest sesamoid bone in skeleton of domestic animals? | patella |
| pelvic symphysis | cartilaginous joint |
| patella | located in quadriceps femoris muscle |
| tibia, fibula, and femur make up? | knee |
| shaft of femur and tibia form? | stifle joint |
| visceral skeleton? | bones that form in organs. ie os cordis- bone in heart of cattle and sheep |
| tendons | muscle to bone |
| ligaments | bone to bone |
| movements possible for synovial joints? | freely movable |
| hinge | flexion and extension ie elbow joint |
| gliding(rocking) | flexion, extension, some abduction and adduction ie carpus |
| pivot | rotation ie atlantoaxial joint |
| ball and socket | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction ie shoulder and hip joints |
| atlantoaxial joint | the "no" joint |
| atlantooccipital joint | the "yes" joint |
| blood supply to bone? | vessels pass Volkmann's canals joins with blood vessels in haversian systems enter through nutrient foramina carry blood into and out of bone marrow |
Created by:
Marilyn:)
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