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Nat. Review chpt. 10
Endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hormones | Chemical messengers of the body made primarily from proteins and steroids |
| Pituitary gland | Small gland beneath the hypothalamus made up of two lobes also known as the "master gland" |
| Anterior pituitary | Produces growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone |
| Growth hormone | Controls growth of bone and soft tissue, increases glycogen synthesis and fat metabolism in the body |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone for regulation of metabolism |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Stimulates growth and development of adrenal cortex, stimulates adrenal cortex to produce steroid hormones |
| Prolactin | Stimulates milk production, promotes breast development durring pregnancy |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | Stimulates development of follicles in females and sperm in males |
| Luteinizing hormone | Acts with follicle-stimulating hormone to develop folicles and promote ovulation in females and stimulate secretion of testosterone from the testes in males |
| Posterior pituitary | Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| Antidiuretic hormone | Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, also called vasopressin |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates contraction of uterus in childbirth and milk let-down from mammary glands in the breast |
| Thyroid gland | Bow-tie shaped gland in neck just below larynx |
| Thyroxine | Increases metabolic rate and regulates rate of growth aided by triiodothyronine |
| Calcitonin | Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting release from bone tissue |
| Parathyroid glands | 4-5 tiny glands embedded in the posterior of the thyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone | Promotes calcium mobilization from bone tissue and calcium absorption from the intestines |
| Pancreas | Long gland inferior to the stomach, contains alpha, beta and delta pancreatic islet cells |
| Pancreatic islet cells | Islets of Langerhans |
| Islets of Langerhans | Cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones |
| Insulin | Hormone that lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells |
| Glucagon | Hormone that increases blood sugar levels by various means |
| Adrenal glands | Pyramid-shaped glands located above the kidneys, divided into cortex and medulla |
| Suprarenal glands | Adrenal glands |
| Adrenal cortex | Produces cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones |
| Cortisol | Released in response to stress, increases blood sugar, fatty acid immobilization, and immunosuppression |
| Aldosterone | Helps regulate blood pressure by promoting sodium uptake and potassium secretion by the kidneys |
| Sex hormones | Regulates sexual development and drive |
| Testosterone | Regulates production of sperm cells, development of penis and accessory glands and causes development of male secondary characteristics ex. deeper voice |
| Estrogen | Regulates menstrual changes and sex drive, responsible for development of secondary sexual organs, ex. mammary glands), and secondary sexual characteristics, ex. breast growth |
| Progesterone | Develops uterus in preperation for egg implantation, prevents spontanious abortion by preserving lining of uterus |
| Adrenal medulla | Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine | Produces sympathetic response |
| Norepinephrine | Produces sympathetic response slightly less intense then epinephrine |
| Gonads | Glands that produce gametes and sex hormones |
| Gametes | Sex cells |
| Testes | Male gonads, produces testosterone |
| Ovaries | Female gonads, produce extrogen and progesterone |
| Thymus | Organ found in mediastinum above heart that produces t-cells |
| T-cells | Specialized lymphocytes used in immunity |
| Thymosin | Stimulates t-cells that have already been produced |
| Pineal gland | Small gland found in midbrain |
| Melatonin | Regulates sleep-wake cycles |
| Kidneys | Filters blood and produces urine and hormones |
| Renin | Stimulates increased water retention thus increasing blood pressure |
| Erythropoietin | Stimulates production of red blood cells by red bone marrow |
| Placenta | Organ responsible for regulating gas, nutrient, waste, and hormonal exchange between mother and fetus durring pregnancy |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin | Stimulates action of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin |
| Stomach | Major organ of digestive system, secretes hormones that stimulate gallbladder and pancreas promoting digestion and informing the brain when you have had enough |
Created by:
skpoem
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