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AGRN 1000 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Source | where plant sugars are produced. from the source they are transported to the sink |
| Sink | an area in the plant where sugars are needed. May be a an area where the plant is growing such as a root, stem, flower, or fruit |
| Photoperiod | length of light in a day, which changes throughout the growing period |
| Pistil | the female essential flower part. |
| Vernalization | the acquisition of a plant's ability to flower or germinate in the spring by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter. |
| Phloem | food conducting tissue. Can move in any direction |
| Xylem | water conducting tissue. Moves only up from the roorts |
| Leaf Canopy | the configuration of crop leaves in the field • Prevents sunlight from hitting soil • Prevents sunlight from reaching weeds • We want lead canopy to grow as rapidly as possible |
| What material is routinely added to soils to adjust pH level (generally added to acid soils to increase pH, and thus lower [H] in the soil)? + | to lower the pH use sulfur. to raise the pH use lime |
| why are plants green | plants have chloroplasts that absorb light energy to make food. they absorb red light and blue light but not green light so the color green is reflected. |
| What is crop lodging? Give three factors than can contribute to lodging in crops. | lodging: the tendency for a plant to become top-heavy and fall over. Caused by excess fertilizer, water, high plant population, insects, disease, or genetic factors |
| Briefly the role of photoperiod sensitivity in crop adaptation in a north-south vs. east-west direction, especially as it applies in a historical | The photoperiod changes as you move from North to South. Days are longer in the summer shorter in winter further north. Therefore it is difficult to transfer crops North-South. But it is easy to transfer them east-west, like from China to Europe. |
| Using either words or a graph, describe the relationship between plant growth (defined as dry matter accumulation) and percent solar interception (or percent ground cover or canopy cover) in crop plants. | there is a linear relationship between these. As the leaf area index and % solar interception go up, so does the dry matter. A study in the 1960's found that my decreasing row spacing you could achieve more solar interception and more dry matter |
| Legume | a plant that has a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots, and make their own nitrogen. example: peanut. belong to the family fabaceae |
| Cross-pollinated crop | date palm, cherry tree, pistachio |
| C4 Plant Species | corn, millet |
| Modified Stem | • Stolons: lateral, above ground stems (turfgrass, strawberries) • Rhizomes: lateral, below ground stems (Johnsongrass) |
| Cation | • H+ • Ca++ • K+ |
| Two elements centrally located in the chlorophyll molecule and essential to its function are | nitrogen and magnesium |
| The most limiting factor in crop production world-wide is | water |
| The concentration of H ions in the soil + | goes up at the pH goes up |
| Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the ability of the soil to attract and hold cations, and as such | is directly related to soil pH |
| Hydroscopic soil water is | Water that is unavailable to plants |
| Soil water-holding capacity (the ability of a soil to absorb and hold water) is mainly dependent upon | soil texture and structure |
| In a given soil, the most variable of the four major components are | water and air |
| Of the following, the only plant parts that are involved in asexual reproduction are the | stems |
| Essential flower parts include the | Stamens and Pistil |
| A vegetatively-growing crop plant is subjected to a 13.5 hour photoperiod, which is increased by 1/2 hour each week. When the photoperiod reaches 15 hours, the plant starts to flower. This plant species would be | Long Day plant |
| Water loss through the leaves is part of a plant process known as | transpiration |
| Subtracting the rate of glucose breakdown (respiration) from the rate of glucose accumulation (photosynthesis) gives the | Net assimilation rate |
| Photosynthesis takes place in specialized structures called chloroplasts, while respiration takes place in specialized structures called | mitochondria |
| In its simplest form, photosynthesis can be divided into | light and dark reactions |
| The desired LAI (leaf area index) range for most crops is | 2.6 to 4.0 |
| The majority of carbon found on earth is in the form of | biomass (plant and animal tissues) |
| The main function of stolons is | asexual propagation |
| Light frequencies that are best absorbed by chlorophyll and other plant pigments are | blues and reds |
| All stems are identified as such based on the presence of | nodes |
| The most important crop families, in terms of food production, are | Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae |
| Crop plants thought to have originated in southwest Asia (present-day Iraq) include | wheat and other small grains |
| Earth's human population | is currently over 6 billion |
| The best explanation for man’s sudden shift from hunting and gathering to an agriculture- based society is | The shift from ice-ages to a warmer climate and development of religions |
| Crop | any plant used by man for any useful purpose |
| Subsistence | growing food (animals and plants) just to feed you and your family, not for commerce. Animals were probably domesticated first. |
| Shifting Agriculture | moving as resources were depleted (no land ownership) |
| Commercial Agriculture | producing enough to use of profit/trade/ you need to develop systems of storage, currency, transportation, and written communication. |
| Extensive Agriculture | like rangeland for cattle or dryland wheat production. inputs are low, not a lot of potential profit |
| Intensive Agriculture | vegetable production, a lot of investment with a lot of monetary return. example: peanut production |
| Early Crops of Southwest Asia (Iraq) | barley, wheat, rye, oat, pea and other small grains |
| Early Crops of Southeast Asia | rice, sugarcane, coconut, tea, citrus, and soybean |
| Early Crops of the Americas | maize, potato, tobacco, tomato, peanut |
| Early Crops of Africa | sorghum, okra, yam, watermelon |
| Thomas Malthus | english clergyman that developed an equation between food and population. believed our population will grow to a point where it will strip the food resources and famine will occur |
| What portion of the Earth is land? | 29% 37 billion acres |
| Angiosperm | flowering plants, appeared in the early cretaceous |
| Monocot | embryo with one cotyledon, fibrous roots, parallel leaf veination. example: grasses, lily, orchid, banana, yam |
| Dicot | two cotyledons, taproot system, net veination. example: cotton, legumes, sweet potato, pepper |
| Poaceae | grasses example: corn |
| Fabaceae | legumes example: beans, peas, peanuts |
| Solanaceae | night shade family example: potato, pepper, tomato, tobacco |
| Taproot | centralized structures where other roots radiate from. go much deeper |
| Fibrous roots | more shallow and dispersed system |
| roots | one of the 3 main plant organs. function to absorb water and nutrients |
| nutrient | refers to calcium ions, phosphates, or nitrogen, NOT FOOD. plants manufacture food through photosynthesis |
| legumes | bacteria feed off of plant sugars and in return give the plant nitrogen |
| Culm | grass with a hollow stem like rice |
| Stalk | grasses with a solid stalk |
| Nodes | an area of compressed tissue that can give rise to other plant tissues such as leaves, flowers, other stems etc. MAINLY FOR ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION |
| Stolons | lateral, above ground stems (turfgrass, strawberries) |
| Rhizomes | lateral below ground stems |
| Crown | major organ of asexual reproduction. it is the junction between the roots and the upper part of the plant |
| Tubers | major organ of asexual reproduction. white potato are tubers |
| Bulb | organ of asexual reproduction, basically a compressed stem with fleshy leaf tissue. example: onion |
| Corm | similar to a bulb but has less leaf tissue |
| Apical Dominance | the top of the plant wants to dominate the rest of the plant. for almost any plant you will get a Christmas Tree shape. the apex of the plant produces auxin that is dispersed throughout the plant |
| Auxin | prevents lateral node production, but as the plant grows taller, the less effective the hormone is so you see lateral growth, thus the Christmas Tree shape. even if you bend the plant over this will still occur |
| Lodging | the tendency for a plant to become top heavy and fall over. this can be caused by excess fertilizer, water, high plant population, insects, disease, or genetic factors |
| Functions of Stems | support of leaves, fruits, and flowers. transport of water and nutrients storage of food asexual propagation photosynthesis |
| Leaf Canopy | the configuration of crop leaves in the field. |
| Functions of Leaf Canopy | prevents sunlight from hitting soil, prevents sunlight from reaching weeds. |
| Leaf Area Index (LAI) | leaf area/ground surface area. desired LAI is 2.5-4. you want the maximum LAI to intercept the most sunlight |
| Functions of Leaves | photosynthesis, food storage, translocation of sugar, gaseous exchange, |
| Vascular Tissue | xylem + phloem |
| Photosynthetic Reaction | 6CO2 + 12H2O --Sunlight and Chlorophyll --> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O |
| Dark Reactions | CO2 + NADPH2 + ATP --> H20 + Carbon Chain Carbon Chain + ATP --> Glucose (C6H12O6) |
| Factors that Affect Photosynthetic Rate | 1. CO2 2.H20 3. Light (frequency and intensity) 4. Temperature 5. Carbohydrate translocation 6. Leaf Age |
| How to Increase Photosynthesis | 1. Increase LAI (decrease row spacing) 2. Plant Genetics 3. Planting Date 4. Plant Nutrition 5. Pest Control |
| Respiration | process of obtaining energy from organic materials. provides energy for cell division, elongation, and other metabolic processes |
| Aerobic Respiration | occurs in the presence of oxygen. C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + H2O + 40ATP |
| Anaerobic Respiration | occurs in the absence of oxygen C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 + 2H2O + 2ATP produces ethyl alcohol and occurs in the cytoplasm |
| Photorespiration | occurs in chloroplasts and requires light. but is considered to be a detrimental process, does no contribute to the growth of the plant. caused by rubisco |
| Rubisco | or RuBP, stands for ribulose biphosphates carboxylase oxygenase. it is an enzyme |
| Transpiration | movement/loss of water through the leaves (evaporative loss). functions to cool the leaf. Effected by wind, humidity, and temperature |
| Translocation | how sucrose gets from the production site (source) to the place where it is needed (sink) |
| Corolla | all the petals together |
| Calyx | all the sepals together |
| Male Flower Parts | Stamen, Filament, Anther |
| Female Flower Parts | Pistil, stigma, style, ovary |
| Complete Flower | one that has all the parts |
| Incomplete Flower | lacks 1 or more parts, this includes all the grasses |
| Perfect Flower | has both male and female parts |
| Imperfect Flower | either a male flower or a female flower |
| Monoecious | have both male and female flowers on the same plant |
| Dioecious | have either male or female flowers. example: gingko, date palm |
| The Phases of Plant Growth | vegetative and reproductive |
| Photoperiod | length of light in a day, which changes throughout the growing period. plants use photoperiod to sense changes in season |
| Short Day Plants | flower in response to shortening photoperiod. flower after summer solstice (july) |
| Long Day Plants | flower in response to lengthening photoperiod. flower after the winter solstice. cool season plants that are fall planted and spring harvested |
| Day Neutral Plants | they don't care what the photoperiod is. during domestication we bred out the photoperiod response. MORE VALUABLE |
| Soil Components | water, air, mineral material, organic matter. water and air content are the most variable |
| Organic Matter | anything derived from a formerly living thing |
| Mineral Matter | part of the soil derived from inorganic sources (rock, minerals) |
| 3 Classes of Soil Particle Size | fine sand/sand, silt, clay |
| Chemical Reactivity is | a function of particle size |
| Soil Pore Size | determined by texture and structure. as the particles get smaller the pore size goes up. it determines water holding capacity, influences infiltration rate, and root penetration |
| Litter | the top layer of organic matter. can absorb the force and moisture from rain |
| Duff | first stage of decay of organic matter |
| Humus | organic matter that is resistant to further decay |
| Gravitational Water | free water, that is temporarily available to plants |
| Capillary Water | available, held in soil by capillary action |
| Hydroscopic Water | unavailable, held in soil by chemical bonds |
| Saturation capacity | all pores are filled with water, much of which is gravitational |
| Field Capacity | all gravitational water is gone |
| Wilting Point | even though there is hydroscopic water, the plant can't get it |
| Preferred crop pH | 6.0 to 7.3 ( a little bit acidic) |
| Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) | a cation is a positively charged ion. Soil particles like clay and humus are covered in negative charges. they can attract more cations. Textures that are coarse have lower CEC, clays and higher organic matter have a higher CEC. |
| Water Use Efficiency | the amount of water needed to create a certain amount of dry matter. C4 plants are more efficient with water use than C3 plants |
| Based on annual precipitation, Alabama is in the crop region best described as | humid |
| The water-use efficiency ratio for crop plants can best be described as the ratio between amount of water used and | total dry matter yield |
| Insect, disease and weed pests are best managed using a system of biological, cultural, chemical, and other tools otherwise known as | Integrated Pest management IPM |
| The primary function of sulfur in plant metabolism is | component of proteins |
| the three major tools of the plant breeder are | introduction, selection and hybridization |
Created by:
asculpepper
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