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Pharmacology Drugs13
GI drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why would you induce vomiting in an animal? | if its eaten something poisonous (except caustic material) OR its an emergency situation in which the animal must be anesthitized |
| what are some emetic drugs? | apomorphine HCl; xylazine; syrup of ipecac |
| what is the mechanism of action of apomorphine HCl? what receptor zones does it trigger? | stimulates dopaminergic receptors which triggers visceral afferent receptors and chemorecepto trigger zones |
| since apomorphine HCl causes respiratory depression, what agent would you use to reverse a dose of apomorphine HCl? | naloxone |
| what type of drug is xylazine? | a sedative |
| what is the mechanism of action of syrup of ipecac? | gi irritant, enters circulation to affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone |
| what are some idications of anti-emetics? | Control vomiting while treating primary disease; Prevent motion sickness, e.g., transporting pets; Prevent vomiting during chemotherapy |
| what are the 4 classes of anti-emetics? | antihistamines; anticholinergics; phenothizaine tranquilizers; dopamine antagonists |
| what are the common antihistamines and where do they act? | dimenhyrinate; diphenylhydramine HCl; H1 antagonists |
| when would you use an antihistamine (under what condition)? | vestibular stimulated vomiting= motion sickness, dizziness |
| what is a common anticholinergic? | scopolamine |
| how does scopolamine work? | fixes vestibular stimulated vomiting by having both central and peripheral anti-emetic actions |
| what are some adverse effects of anti-cholinergics? | slows/stops gi peristalsis b/c of anti-muscarinic effect; contraindicated in glaucoma; drowsiness; xerostomia |
| what are the indications of using phenothiazine tranquiliers? | broad spectrum anti-emetics |
| at low doses, how do phenothiazine tranquilizers work? | anti-dopaminergic |
| at high doses, how do phenothizaine tranquilizers work? | depresses vestibular center |
| what are adverse effects of phenothizaine tranquilizers? | contraindicated in hypotension/hypovolemia; lowers seizure threshold |
| what are some phenothiazine tranquilizers with specific antidopaminergic action? | trimethobenzamide HCl, butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines |
| what is the common drug of dopamine antagonists? | metaclopromide |
| why would you use dopamine antagonists? | Control vomiting due to circulating toxins and GI irritation, but not vestibular stimulation; Peripheral activity also makes metaclopromide useful for gastroparesis and gastroesophageal reflux |
| what is the mechanism of action of dopamine antagonists? | centrally block dopamine transmission; Peripherally promotes release of and increased sensitivity to acetylcholine in visceral smooth muscle. Increases propulsive activity of upper GI tract |
| why would you want to give a laxative? | Digesta impaction (and prevention); purging of toxins |
| what is the mechanism of action of laxatives? | retention of fluid in lumen; Secretagogue effect on epithelium via stimulation of intracellular 2nd messengers (cAMP, Ca2+); Increase intestinal propulsive motility via a) mucosal irritation, or b) distension; lubrication of feces |
| what are the categories of laxativs? | bluk, osmotic, stimulant, surfactant, lubricant |
| what are some commonly used bulk laxatives? | dietary fiber, psyllium, methylcellulose |
| what is the mechanism of action of bluk laxatives? | Hydrophilic, also rapidly fermented fiber (pectin) has osmotic effect in colon; Distension causes reflex peristaltic contractions |
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