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Pharmacology Drugs11
Equine Cushing's-Pharm Repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The onset of equine obesity is seen by what age? | 7-9 yrs old |
| With an obese equid, by what age is insulin resistance seen? | 11-12 yrs old |
| In an equid that is obese and suffering from insulin resistance, by what age do they typically develop Cushing's disease (PPID)? | 18-20 yrs old |
| While corticotrophinomas are typically produced in canines and humans that develop Cushing's disease, what type of tumors develop in equids and where? | melanotrophinomas; intermediate lobe of pituitary gland |
| what are the prop-opiomelanocortin-peptides? | ACTH, alpha MSH, Beta endorpin, CLIP |
| the pars intermedia of the eqine pituitary has what type of innervation that leads to the production/stimulation of the pro-opiomelanocortin-peptides? | serotonergic |
| what type of innervation is there to the pars intermedia that "checks" the serotonergic innervation? | dopaminergic |
| when are the melanotrophes of the pars intermedia normally highly stimulated by serotonergic innervation? | Fall (gearing up for winter) |
| how does equine cushing's effect the melanotrophes of the pars intermedia? | blocks the domaminergic innervation and allows the serotonergic innervation to act without being "checked" |
| what type of disease is equine cushings? | neurodegeneration of the Hypothalamus (not usually the case in dogs and humans) |
| how does the pars intermedia lose dopaminergic influence? | we see melanotrophe hypersecretion leading to clonal expansion of the cells leading to compression of the pars nervosa and hypothalamus causing an excess secretion of POMC's |
| what are some clincial signs of equine cushing's disease? | Inappropriate hirsutism, Laminitis, pu/pd, Abnormal body condition (Loss of muscle, Abnormal fat deposits), Excessive sweating, Behavioral change, Lowered fertility, Perturbed vision, Impaired wound healing, Osteoporosis,Galactorrhea, Immunosuppression |
| what are two specific endocrine tests to test for equine cushing's disease? | Dexamethasone suppression test; Resting plasma eACTH assay |
| how much dexamethasone do you administer to horse when performing a dexamethasone suppression test and by what route? | 0.04mg/kg, IV |
| what is the main treatment option for equine cushing's disease? | pergolide; 0.5-3.0mg PO, SID |
| during what period of sexual reproduction would you use drugs to disrupt pregnancy? | Implantation/Attachment of egg--> fetal development |
| what parts of the brain produce sex hormones? | pineal gland, hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pitutary gland |
| what other structures produce sex hormones? | the gonads, uterus, embryo, fetus, placenta |
| what are the different classes of sex hormones? | indole amines, catecholamines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, arachadonic acid derivatives |
| what are the reproductive hormones that are produced in the brain? | melatonin, dopamine, GnRH, Gonadatropins, Prolactin, oxytocin |
| what are the reproductive hormones that are produced from the gonads? | androgens, estrogen, progestens |
| what type of hormone is prostaglanding and what is its function? | 20C fatty acid, arachadonic acid derivative; regresses the corpus luteum at the end of a non-fertile estrous cycle or at end of gestation |
| what type of hormone is testosterone and what is its function? | androgen; regulate the production of sperm |
| what is the function of estrogen? | regulates sexual receptivity in females |
| what is the role of progesterone? | regulate sexual nonreceptivity in females and help maintain pregnancy |
| what type of hormone is melatonin, where is it produced and what does it do? | indole amine; pineal gland; regulates GnRH release |
| what type of hormone is dopamine and what does it do? | catacholamine; suppresses prolactin |
| what type of hormone is GnRH, where is it produced and what does it do? | peptide hormone; hypothalamus; regulates synthesis and release of gonadatropins by anterior pituitary gland |
| what are the two gonadatopins? what type of hormones are they, where are they produced and what do they do? | LH and FSH; glycoprotein hormones; anterior pituitary; regulate function of testes and ovaries |
| what type of hormone is prolactin, where is it produced and what does it do? | protein hormone, anterior pituitary gland, regulates milk production |
| what type of hormone is oxytocin, where is it produced and what does it do? | peptide; posterior pituitary; causes uterine contractions and "milk letdown" |
| during what phase of the estrous cycle is the animal in estrus (heat)? what horomone dominates? | late follicular; estrogen |
| during what phase of the estrous cycle is metestrous and what hormones are associated with this phase? | late follicular to early luteal (going out of heat), Decreasing estrogen and Increasing Progesterone |
| What phase of the estrous cycle is diestrus and what horomones dominates with this phase? What characateristics will the female display? | Late luteal; Progesterone; Out of heat and possibly pregnant and non-receptive to mating |
| What phase of the estrous cycle is proestrus and what hormones are associated with it? what characteristics are displayed? | Early Follicular; Increasing Estrogen, decreasing progesterone; animal is coming into heat and not pregnant so may display receptivity to breeding |
| what steroid hormone is produced by the follicle? | estrogen |
| what steroid hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? | progesterone |
| when the progesterone from the CL decreases, what happens to GnRH? | it increases |
| an increase in GnRH stimulates what? | LH and FSH |
| an increase in LH and FSH stimulates what to happen? | proestrual follicular development |
| as the follicle develops, what hormonal responses are seen? | an increase in inhibin causes a decrease in FSH; an increase in estradiol to threshold causes a preovulatory LH surge |
| what is the average length of the estrous cycle? | 21 days |
| What causes leuteolysis? | the absence of a conceptus or embyro |
| what causes regression of the CL? | PGF2a |
| What are some of the features of estrous unique to cow? | Ovulation occurs after the end of standing estrus; juxaposition of ovarian artery and uterine vein results in very little PGF2α reaching the systemic circulation and being rapidly metabolized in the lungs |
| What are some of the features of estrous unique to dog? | Ovulation of 1° oocyte; LH peak with decreasing E2 and increasing P4 at the beginning of estrus; no metestrus; prolactin is luteotrophic |
| What are some of hte features of estrous unique to cat? | induced ovulators |
| what are some of the features of estrous unique to horses? | As compared to cattle, much more PGF2α reaches the systemic circulation in horse; very limited pulmonary metabolism of PGF2α |
| in order for parturition to occur, what needs to happen? | mature fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis |
| which animals are year round polyestrus? | bovine, felines, porcine |
| which anials are seasonally polyestrus during long days? | equine |
| which animals are seasonally polyestrus during short days? | ovine and caprine |
| which animasl are monestrus? | canine |
| human chorionic gonadatropin is most similar to what hormone in animals? | works like LH |
| Equine chorionic gonadatropins is most similar to what hormone in other animals? | FSH |
| how is HCG used in animals? | induce ovulation, treat cystic ovaries, early treatment of cryptorchidism |
| in swine, HCG and ECG are used how? | induce estrous cycles |
| in feline, HCG and ECG are used how? | to treat pseudopregnancy |
| what are all of the uses of oxytocin? | Primarily affects mammary gland and uterus, Causes milk let down, Induction of parturition, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Treatment of endometritis (in mares, mating-induced persistent endometritis) |
| what are all of the uses of PGF2a? | Estrus/ovulation synchronization, Induction of abortion/parturition, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Treatment of endometritis (in mares, mating-induced persistent endometritis) |
| what species would you NOT use dinoprost (synthetic PGF2a) in? | camelids |
| what do you have to remember, as a human, handling PGF2a and its analogs? | absorbed through skin |
| what are the uses of estrogen in animals? | Uterine infection (metritis) in cattle; enhance uterine involution (somewhat dated), Induction of abortion/parturition/mismating, Treatment of retained fetal membranes, Urinary incontinence and perianaladenoma in dogs |
| what are the uses of progestins? | Estrus suppression, Pregnancy maintenance, Estrus/ovulation synchronization protocols, Predisposition to endometritis/pyometra, Masculinization of female fetus, especially in dogs |
| what are the two commercially available prostaglandins and which is a PGF2a and which is synthetic? | dinoprost (PGF2a); Cloprostenol (synthetic) |
| what are the trade names of synthetic gonadotorpin releasing hormones? | gonadorelin, desorelin |
| what are some analogs of progestagens? | megestrol acetate, ovaban, altrenogest (regu-mate), melengestrol acetate (MGA) |
| what is the traditional use of PGF2a? | estrus induction and synchronization |
| would giving injections of PGF2a b/t days 0 and 6 of the estrous cycle induce estrus? | No b/c animal already in estrus |
| would giving injections of PGF2a b/t days 7 and 17 of the estrous cycel induce estrus? | Yes, within 3 days of injections b/c estrous cycle dominated by progesterone and would shorten the time in diestrus |
| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 1 invovles injecting the animal with PGF2a. What does this do? | the injection causes lysis of the CL and will allow the cow to have a new ovulation and form a new CL |
| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 2 involves injecting the animal with PGF2a 14d after the first dose. What does this do? | causes lysis of the new CL so that a new follicular phase can start |
| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 3 involves an injection of GnRH given 12d after the second PGF2a injection. What does this do? | either causes ovulation of dominant follicle or causes continued growth of the growing follicle depending on whether the cow responded to the first or second PGF2a injections |
| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 4 involves an injection of PGF2a 7d after the GnRH injection. what does it do? | either to lyse the new CL that is growing after the ovulation or lyse the "old" or "new" CL causing the cow to enter the follicular phase |
| with the 5step estrous synchronization protocol used in dairy cattle, step 5 involves an injection of GnRH 2 d after the PGF2a injection. what does this do? | to cause ovulation of the dominant follicle |
| After this 5 step protocol when do you inseminate the cow? how long after the last GnRH injection? | 16hrs post GnRH injection |
| Mibolerone is an androgen/5a reductase inhibitor used in canines for?? | birth control |
| what do 5a-reductase inhibitors do? | prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT and used for benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| antigestins do what? what is the trade name? | prevent progesterone from binding receptors; mifeprestone |
| 3B-HSD do what? what is the trade name? | prevent progesterone synthesis; epostane |
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