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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most common in dairy cattle within one month of parturition or prepartum | LDA and RDA |
| Due to hypocalcemia resulting in abomosal atony | LDA and RDA |
| Leads to metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia due to sequestration of acid, chlorine and potassium in abomasums | LDA and RDA |
| Left 5-10x more common than | right |
| Left-sided ping between ribs 9-13 | LDA |
| Normal TPR,Anorexia, decreased production, ketosis, Diarrhea is poor px sign | LDA and RDA |
| Treatment - roll cow, but recurrence likely,Surgical correction with omentopexy or abomasopexy | LDA and RDA |
| RDA can become | Abomasal volvulus |
| Dairy cows near parturition w/ sudden drop in milk prod,Usu counterclockwise from rear,Very sick, clinical signs more severe dt vascular compromise,Rt sided ping, palpable,Treatment is surgery,Poor prognosis | Abomasal volvulus |
| Most common in high-producing dairy cows in first 6 weeks of production,Stress decreases protective prostaglandins | Abomasal ulcers |
| Ulceration at the ventral portion of the fundic region of the greater curvature,See melena,anorexia, occult blood, abdominal pain | Abomasal ulcers |
| is significant cause of bleeding ulcers in older cattle | LSA |
| Bleeding ulcers | don’t perforate and perforating ulcers (seen in calves) don’t bleed |
| Pregnant beef cattle in winter with poor quality feed | Abomasal impaction |
| Left Ping | LDA, pneumoperitoneum, atonic rumen |
| Right Ping | Spiral colon, rectum/colon, RDA, RAV (palpable) |
| Herd problem: IBR, BVD, brucellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis, anaplasmosis,ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas | Abortion in Cattle |
| Mycotic (Aspergillus, Mucor spp)Reach uterus hematogenously | cause late term abortion in cattle |
| Dx via culture of fetal tissue | abortion due to mycosis |
| Also Listeria, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus,bluetonque,Nitrates, lupine, locoweed, mycotoxins | can cause abortion in cattle |
| Most common infectious cause of abortion in horses is | Equine Herpes 1, last trimester |
| Equine viral arteritis | less frequent cause of abortion in horses |
| EVA and EH1 | Vax available for both diseases |
| Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli | Causes sporadic abortion in horses |
| These infections occur through ascending infection via the cervix | Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli |
| Twin pregnancies in horses | often result in abortion |
| Crush the smallest embryo at day 22-25 after confirmation of pregnancy | Tx for twin pregnancy in horses |
| Most common cause of abortion is campylobacteriosis | sheep |
| Campylobacteriosis | Infection via ingestion of organisms |
| Late-term abortion of edematous fetus,liver with gray necrotic foci,Carrier sheep shed organisms in feces, uterine discharges, aborted fetuses | Campylobacteriosis |
| Culture and ID organism in fetal abomasal fluid and liver | Campylobacteria |
| Vaccinate ewes at breeding,booster at second month gestation | Campylobacteriosis |
| Toxoplasma gondii – protozoan, life cycle is completed in the | cat |
| Abortion and still births in sheep, pigs, and goats | Toxoplasma gondii |
| Toxoplasma gondii | White foci in cotyledons, leukoencephalomalacia |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | late-term abortion |
| Sheep-Exposure via ingestion, inhalation or venereal,Fetus well-preserved or mummified | chlamydia psittaci |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | Placentitis most consistent finding |
| Leptospirosis in sheep | late-term abortions |
| Listeriosis | late-term abortion, birth of weak lambs,Slight to marked autolysis of fetus, fluid in serous cavities, necrotic foci in liver, lung and spleen |
| Erosions in abomasal mucosa,CNS deficits,Man can be affected | Listeriosis |
| Akabane virus disease | arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly |
| Pigs Vaccinations | parvovirus, pseudorabies, enterovirus, brucellosis, leptospirosis can affect reproductive performance |
| Vaccinate sows and gilts against | leptospirosis, parvovirus and erysipelas |
| Also permit >21 day exposure to herd before breeding to allow | natural exposure to endemic herd pathogens including parvovirus and enteroviruses that can cause reproductive failure |
| Parvovirus Early fetal resorption, reduced litter size, mummies | Due to persistence of maternal immunity in gilts until sexual maturity, exposure at breeding time |
| Pseudorabies | Abortion, stillbirths, mummies, weak pigs,Also fever, respiratory signs, nervous signs |
| Brucellosis | Venereal |
| Leptospirosis – L interrogans | one of most common causes of reproductive failure |
| L Pomona | is late term abortion |
| L Bratislava | commonly id in serologic surveys in midwest US but NOT affected w/ abortion or repro problems |
| Abortion induced in Cow | PGF2 up to 4th month |
| Months 5-8 PGF2 & Dexamethasone combination | for induced abortion in cow |
| PG for abortion only | Mare |
| May need double dose or repeated treatment at 48 hour intervals after 4th month | PG for abortion in mare |
| Douching of uterus also works at any stage of pregnancy | Abortion in mare |
| for live foal only after cervix has begun to relax and colostrum is in udder | oxytocin for use in mare |
| PGF2 can be used after day 40 | Small animal |
| Dexamethasone 10 days produces fetal death and resorption | Small animal |
| Phenothiazine tranquilizer,Block release and uptake of dopamine in the CNS,Also has anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antispasmodic & alpha-adrenergic blocking effects | Acepromazine |
| Acepromazine | Depresses RAS,Administer atropine to counteract bradycardic effects |
| Adverse effects Precipitates seizures,-RR,-arterial BP,+CVP, bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest,Bradycardia negated by physiological response to decreased BP | Acepromazine |
| Causes extrusion of penis in male large animals,No analgesic effects | Acepromazine |
| Positive effects - Antidysrhythmic effects,Inhibit arrhythmias induced by ultra-short barbiturates, halothane, Epinephrine | Acepromazine |
| Reduces halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in pigs | Acepromazine |
| Contraindications - Decrease dose in animals with hepatic dysfunction, cardiac disease,Contraindicated in patients w/ hypovolemia, shock, tetanus, strychnine | Acepromazine |
| If there is no displacement, fractures treated conservatively w/ Ehmer sling & restricted Activity,Bone plates & screws used for internal fixation | Acetabelar |
| Acetaminophen poisoning | Tylenol |
| Clinical signs - Hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia,Dark-colored urine,Icterus, facial edema,lethargy | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Clin path - Heinz body anemia, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Therapy - N-acetylcysteine (Mucomist) | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Acrodermatitis | Lethal familial zinc deficiency in white bull terriers |
| Retarded growth, progressive, acral, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pustular dermatits at mucocutaneous jxns,Death by 2 yrs of age | Acrodermatitis |
| Acute Abdomen Syndrome | Acute presentation, showing systemic signs, abdomen painful, distended, V/D, weakness,Major categories are bacterial sepsis, obstruction/perforation, ischemia/thrombosis |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone,Suppresses excretion of urine |
| Has specific effect on the epithelial cells of the renal tubules | ADH |
| Stimulates the resorption of water, resulting in concentration of urine | ADH |
| Adrenal Glands Endocrine gland, Adrenal cortex | Three zones |
| Zona glomerulosa (outer) secretes | mineralocorticoids |
| Zona fasciculata (middle) layer secretes | glucocorticoids |
| Zona reticularis (inner) secretes | sex steroids |
| Accessory cortical tissue seen as small nodules in | aged dogs is common and nonfunctional |
| Adrenal Medulla | Modified sympathetic nervous system ganglion |
| Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine | adrenal medulla Important role in response to stress or hypoglycemia |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone regulates ion transport of epithelial cells, resulting in excretion of K+ & conservation of Na+ |
| Glucocorticoids | Regulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose and lipolysis |
| Glucocorticoids | suppress inflammatory and immunologic responses |
| Can have negative effect on wound healing due to inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis | glucocorticoids |
| Sex hormones | Progesterone, estrogens, and androgens |
| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus | Cat lungworm |
| Life cycle includes snail first host,frog, lizard, bird or rodent vector | aelurostrongylus abstrusus encysted larvae |
| Cat eats transport host, larvae migrate from stomach to lungs and embed in lung tissue Eggs form nodules in alveolar ducts, larvae hatch, coughed up, swallowed and passed in feces,Larvae in feces have dorsally spined tails | aelurostrongylus abstrsus |
| Causes coughing, dyspnea,Treatment is levamisole | aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
| African Swine Fever | Iridovirus |
| Highly contagious viral disease that resembles hog cholera and is therefore REPORTABLE | ASF |
| Eradicated from western hemisphere | ASF |
| Replicates in RE cells, found in all fluids and tissues, No vaccine | ASF |
| Ornithodoros ticks are vectors,Oronasal exposure,Survivors carriers for life | ASF |
| Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, eye discharge, abortion, death,Hemorrhage of lymph nodes, renal cortex, splenomegaly (bigger than in hog cholera) Excessive pleural, pericardial and peritoneal f luids | ASF |
| Air Sacculitis | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Causes respiratory tract infection in chickens,High rate of carcass,condemnation,Caseous exudates | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Aldosterone | The main mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| Regulates electrolyte & water balance by promoting retention of Na+ & the excretion of K+,Retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume and an increase in blood pressure | Aldosterone |
| Secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by | angiotensin II |
| Aleutian Disease | Parvoviral infection of mink resulting in immune complex formation and deposition, No vaccine |
| Alimentary Lymphosarcoma | Most have normal or low peripheral lymphocytes,Nonresponsive IBD,Can be diffuse or multinodular,Dx w/ full thickness biopsy,Very difficult to treat |
| Alkalosis | incHCO3,incTCO2 |
| hyperventilation causes | alkalosis |
| Cow saliva rich in | HCO3 (horse saliva rich in Cl-) |
| Amyloidosis | Consists of B pleated sheets of amino acids, refractory to enzymatic breakdown,Two major amyloid proteins,AA released from hepatocytes due to chronic infection,AL composed of partially degraded immunoglobulin light chains produce by malignant plasma cells |
| Disease caused by displacement of normal cells with amyloid deposits, mainly liver, spleen, brain and kidneys | Amyloidosis |
| Anal Sac Disease | Hematochezia, Chronic bright red blood w/ normal stools |
| Anaplasmosis | Anaplasma marginale,Rickettsia located in the stroma of RBC |
| Disease of ruminants,Transmission through contamination with infected blood via ticks (Boophilus, Dermacentor), horse flies, stable flies, mechanical transfer of blood (vax, dehorn, etc),Fomites | anaplasmosis |
| Carriers maintain disease in a herd, More severe in adult cattle, lifelong resistance if exposed young | anaplasmosis |
| Clinical signs Depression, inappetence, fever, decreased production, marked icterus,Anemia leading to hypoxemia, Diagnosis Suspect in mature cattle showing anemia without hemoglobinuria, Blood smear, see anisocytosis, presence of agent,Serology | anaplasmosis |
| Treatment Tetracycline | LA200, Do not stress patients, may die,Insect control |
| Vax – May cause neonatal isoerythrolysis | anaplasmosis |
| Ancylostoma caninum | Canine hookworm |
| Anemia CRC | percent reticulocytes X patient PCV/normal PCV (45 in dog, 37 in cat) |
| anemia Regenerative if | > than 1percent in dog or 5percent in cat |
| Horses | have no peripherally circulating reticulocytes |
| Regenerative Anemia | Macrocytic, normochromic, nRBCs |
| Regenerative response | take 2-5 days |
| Hemolysis – Intravascular | RBC destruction w/in blood vessels & loss of Hgb from cells,Often severly ill w/ weakness, fever, icterus, Hgbemia, Hbguria |
| Blood pressure | Systolic below 80 & mean below 60 are worry numbers when anesthetized |
| Hypotension is | mean BP<60 for >20min |
| Assist by dec anesthetic percent, inc fluid rate, inc ventilation | Hypotension |
| Kidney | cannot autoregulate when BP<60mmHg |
| Arterial Pressures | CO x Peripheral resistance |
| CO | HR x SV |
| Systolic | 100-160 |
| Diastolic | 60-100 |
| Mean | 80-120 |
| CVP | 0-10 |
| Blood gasses – Hypoventilation | kills slowly |
| Hypoxemia | kills quickly |
| PaCO2 - | Measures ventilatory status of the patient |
| Normal 35 – 45 mmHg | PaCO2 |
| PaCO2 < 35 | hyperventilation |
| Inc HR,inc CO,inc BP, injected mucous membranes | hyperventilation |
| PaCO2 > 45 | hypoventilation |
| PaCO2 > 60 | severe respiratory acidosis |
| Hypercapnia | may be caused by hypoventilation, upper or lower airway obstruction, pleural filling disorders, pulmonary parenchymal disease, abdominal or thoracic restrictive disorders |
| PaO2 | Measures oxygenating efficiency of the lungs |
| Normal 90-100 | PaO2 |
| Patients on 100percent O2 have | PaO2 400-500 |
| PaO2 | 5x what breathing |
| PaO2 < 60mmHg | hypoxemia |
| SpO2 | predictor of O2 saturation (PaO2),percent saturation of Hgb |
| Measure w/ pulse oximeter, want >90percent | Hgb saturation |
| Urine output | Indirect measure of major visceral organ perfusion |
| Intraoperative urine output should be | 1-2ml/kg/hr, 1/2mg/kg/hr in horse,Renal fxn dec after general anest and sx in normal, healthy animal for 24-48 hrs |
| pH Acid base status Normal | 7/4 |
| Primary derangement is always in direction of pH, body won’t overcompensate | 3 x bas deficity x wt(kg) = HCO3mEq (give ½ and reasses) |
| Temperature Can spontaneously | fibrillate if < 90F |
| Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) | Only anesthetic agent approved by FDA for fish |
| E cylinder of O2 | Contains 700L at 2200 psi |
| H cylinder of O2 | Contains 7,000L at 2200 psi |
| Angiotensin | Vasoconstrictive principle formed in the blood when renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney |
| The enzymatic action of rennin | cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin I is activated | in the lung to become angiotensin II (by ACE) |
| Angiotensin II stimulates | aldosterone secretion and raises blood pressure, thereby decreasing fluid loss |
| Antacids and Antisecretory Agents | Gastric ulceration, hypersecretory diz, EPI, NSAID tox |
| AlOH | Cations bind bile acid, stimulate prostaglandin sythesis, cytoprotective,Rapid,Also binds P in renal disease |
| H2 antagonists | Antisecretory, competitive blockade |
| Cimetidine | TID H2 antagonist, least potent, most bioavailable |
| Ranitidine | 5-12x more potent H2 antagonist, BID, less bioavail, minimal drug interactions |
| Omeprazole | Proton pump inhibitors,Most effective antisecretory |
| Misosprostol | Synthetic prostaglandin, antisecretory,Local effects |
| Sucralfate | Cytoprotective, needs acidic environment to work,Protects and promotes healing, physiologic bandaid, NSAID prophy |
| Anterior Uveitis Inflammation of the anterior uveal tract | iris, ciliary body, choroid |
| AU Signs | Pain,blepharospasm,tearing,conjunctivitis,constricted pupil, reduced IOP,aqueous flare,keratic precipitates,hypopyon, miosis |
| Glaucoma, cataract and corneal opacification may be complication | AU |
| AU Cause | Trauma,infectious systemic disease,intraocular neoplasm,intraocular helminths,immune-mediated disease |
| Recurrent uveitis | immune-mediated |
| Treatment - Topical atropine, corticosteroids if no ulcer, prostaglandin inhibitors, antibiotics | AU |
| Blepharospasm | spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid |
| Aqueous flare | turbidity of the aqueous humor caused by increased protein levels |
| Keratic precipitates | fibrous deposits on the posterior surface of the cornea, usually associated with uveitis |
| Hypopyon | pus in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through |
| Fenbendazole | Panacure,Least hepatotoxic benzimidozole,Treats rounds, hooks, whips, Taenia, lungworms (cats) & Giardia |
| NOT effective against D caninum tapes | Fenbendazole |
| 3 doses over 3 days | Fenbendazole |
| Febantel is prodrug metabolized | to fenbendazole in dogs, don’t use in cats |
| HPS reactions to dying parasites esp, at high doses | Fenbendazole |
| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation |
| Brucellosis in dogs Brucella canis | 3rd trimester abortion – orchitis |
| Also B abortus, B suis, orB melitensis associated with | infected domestic livestock |
| Brucellosis in sheep – Brucella | melitensis, abortion, B ovis, produces disease unique to sheep |
| Epididymitis & orchitis impair fertility | B melitensis |
| Brucellosis in pigs – B suis | Usually self limiting, can remain in herd for yrs,Man working in pack houses at risk |
| Prevalence highest in feral pigs | B suis |
| Brucellosis card test,No vax | B suis |
| Brucellosis in horses – | B abortus, B suis |
| Suppurative bursitis, fistulous withers or poll evil,Occasionally abortion | Brucellosis in horses |
| Unlikely source for disease to other horses, animals or man | Brucellosis in horses |
| Brucellosis in people | – Undulent Fever |
| Usu mild, can be serious public health problem esp when B melitensis | Brucellosis in people |
| Bucked shins | Front limb lameness in 2-3 yr old Thoroughbred or racing QH,Metacarpal bone painful on manual compression |
| Lameness likely dt microfractures in bone as result of compression during exercise at high speed,Metacarpal periostitis | Bucked shins |
| Bullous diseases | Autoimmune diseases of skin & mucous membranes characterized by pustules, vesicles, bulges, erosions & ulcerations |
| Occur in dogs, cats and horses | Bullous diseases |
| Pemphigus foliaceus | Young to middle aged dogs uncommonly, even less so in cats and horses |
| Pustular crusting disease sparing mucous membranes (no lesions in mouth) | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| May form widespread heavy crusts, marked hyperkeratosis of footpads, & involvement of nailbeds that may lead to loss of the nails | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Tx w/ high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Pemphigus vulgaris | Less common than PF |
| Vesicular disease affecting mucous membranes, Blisters, vesicles(rupture quickly), erosions in mouth, rectum, Suprabasilar acantholysis | PV |
| Tx with high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | PV |
| Difficult to get into remission, Poor px | PV |
| Bullous pemphigoid | Collies, DPs Rare, sloughing diz Lesions widespread, tend to concentrate in groin |
| Resembles severe scald | Bullous pemphigoid |
| Pemphigus erythematosus | Affects face & ears,has features of DLE,Scaling lesions,hypopigmentation of the planum nasale,Not well defined |
| Pemphigus vegetans | Rare,Benign variant of pemphigus vulgaris,Bullae replaced by verrucoid hypertrophic vegetative masses |
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Dermal SLE,Autoimmune skin dz of dogs characterized by depigmentation, erythema,scaling,erosions,ulcerations & crusting, particularly on & spreading up bridge of nose & sometimes face & lips |
| Immunoglobulins and/or complement are deposited at the basement membrane in the skin,Tx w/ tetracycline/ niainamide promising | Discoid Lupus Erythematosus |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Controversial,Multisystemic autoimmune disease of dogs & cats |
| Extremely wide variety of clinical signs may occur, but immune-mediated polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia & skin disease are most common | SLE |
| Griseofulvin | Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle, inhibit nucleic acid & fungal wall sythesis |
| Limited to dermatophytes only Give w/ fatty food to inc absorption Side effects include GI, teratogenic & carcinogenic at inc doses, bone marrow dyscrasias Do not give to pregnant animals | Griseofulvin |
| Antiseptic Agents | Agents applied to the body |
| disinfectants which are used | on inanimate objects |
| Amphotericin B | Polyene macrolide Binds to fungal sterols, altering permeability of membrane Fungistatic, Dimorphic fungi (histo, blasto, crypto, coccidio) |
| Because of the risk of severe toxicity reserved for disseminated,progressive, potentially fatal fungal infections,Nephrotoxic, anaphylactoid | Amphotericin B |
| Apomorphine | Most consistently effective antiemetic in dogs |
| Atropine | Anticholinergic Central Too many side effects for antiemetic use |
| Chlorpromazine | Phenothiazine Central, antidopaminergic Very effective centrally acting antiemetic, esp for blood born stimuli |
| 2nd drug of choice for antiemetic | Chlorpromazine |
| Diphenhydramine | Antihistaminergic Central Good for motion sickness, otitis media/interna |
| Metaclopramide | Antidopaminergic Peripheral & central Physiologically antagonizes vomiting reflex Also prokinetic from esophageal sphincter to upper duodenum, don’t give w/ obstruction, perforation, or epilepsy |
| 1st drug of choice antiemetic agent | Metaclopramide |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate | Antiprostaglandin, antibacterial Peripheral Antidiarrheal Care in cats |
| Metronidazole | Bactericidal & antiprotozoal Obligate anaerobes Disrupts DNA and nucleic acid synthesis |
| Immunolmodulator in IBD | Metronidazole |
| Rifampin | Bactericidal or bacteriostatic Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Used for treatment of Rhodococcus equi in combo w/ erythromycin |
| Fluoroquinolones | Good G- aerobes, facultative anaerobes, atypical mycobacterium, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ehrilichia, BRD Bactericidal |
| DNA gyrase inhibitor, prevent DNA synthesis, Enrofloxacin (SID, prostate, RMSF,deethylated to cipro)ciprofloxacin | Fluoroquinolones |
| Variable activity against Streptococci – not recommended | Fluoroquinolones |
| Contraindicated in young animals due to cartilage defects | Fluoroquinolones |
| Baytril (Fluroquinolones) associated with | blindness in cats |
| Sulfonamides | G+, easy G-,anaerobes, nocardia & actinomyces |
| Bacteriostatic, Inhibit folic acid pathway(PABA/pteridine not converted to DHFA),Broad spectrum Many bacteria have developed resistance | sulfonamides |
| Potentiated sulfonamides | TMPS Bactericidal, inhibits bacterial thymidine synthesis in folic acid pathway |
| Exc tissue distribution Most drug side effects of all Abs,allergic rxs, hepatotoxic, KCS, hypothroidism, crystalluria, thyrotoxic, anemia,BM toxicity(aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia hypoprothrombinemia) | Sulfonamides |
| Tetracyclines | G+,easy G-,Mycoplasma,spirochetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Hemobartonella, Brucellosis, Bacteriostatic |
| Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit SafeProstate, Includes doxycycline | tetracyclines |
| (biliary excretion), oxytetracycline, tetracycline Resistance inc May cause | esophagitis |
| Chloramphenicol | G+,G-Bacteriostatic,Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis |
| Penetrates everything, Can cause aplastic anemia in humans | Chloramphenicol |
| Lincosomides | G+aerobes,anaerobes,No G-Often combo w/ aminoglycosides, Lincomycin, clindamycin, Bacteriostatic or bactericidal,Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit,Distribute well, biliary elimination |
| Contr in rabbits, rodents, horses, ruminants due to serious GI effects | Lincosomides |
| Macrolides | G+,selected G- Bacteriostatic |
| Bind 50S ribosomal subunit in alveolar macrophages, great for pulmonary infections | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin is used in the treatment of Rhodococcus equi | in combo w/ rifampin Can cause increase in GI motility |
| Tilmicosin | used in BRD,CV toxicity in primates, horses,swine |
| Imidazoles | Fungistatic Inhibit ergosterol/steroid synthesis (blocks cytochrome p450),inc cell membrane permeability,dec cell membrane fluidity |
| Use for dermatophytes, yeast, dimorphic fungi, Impairs steroid sythesis, so sometimes used in hyperadrenocorticism & prostate diz | Imidazoles |
| Ketaconazole | Fairly safe (hepatotoxicity), give w/ food |
| Short t½ Not got w/ dimorphic fungi, esp blasto | Ketaconazole |
| Itraconazole | more effective spectrum |
| Fluconazole | Crosses BBB |
| 5-Flucytosine | Ancoban Inhibits DNA synthesis (antimetabolite, competes with uracil, interfering with pyrimidine metabolism and protein synthesis) |
| Limited spectrum Cryptococcus, Candida,Rapid absorption, excellent distribution | 5-Flucytosine |
| Synergistic effect with amphotericin B Adverse effects include BM depression (pancytopenia),GI disturbances, rashes, oral ulceration, increased liver enzymes | 5Flucytosine |
| Alcohol | Protein denaturation,70percent effective against G+ and G- bacteria |
| Good bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal,Most rapid acting but least residual action | Alcohol |
| Fast kill, defatting agent Evaporates quickly 2 min for max effect | Alcohol |
| May be drying or irritating,May cause cytotoxicity | Alcohol |
| Often used in combo w/ povidone iodine | Alcohol |
| Arginine | Essential amino acid for cats |
| Needed to drive the urea cylce b/c it transforms ammonia into urea | Arginine |
| Arginine deficiency may potentiate | hepatic encephalopathy |
| Arsenic Poisoning | Sources include rodenticides, wood preservatives, weed killers, baits, insecticides |
| Clinical signs Acute effects on GIT and CV system,Profuse watery diarrhea, may be blood tinged,Severe colic, dehydration, weakness, depression, weak pulse | Arsenic Poisoning |
| Diagnosis | Determination of arsenic levels in tissue and ingesta |
| Arsenic Poisoning Treatment | Thioctic acid, Dimercaprol (BAL) |
| Phenylarsonic toxicosis | arsenical additives to swine and poultry diets to improve production, treat dysentery |
| Toxicosis results from | excess supplementation |
| Atropine – | Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic, Used as preanesthetic to dec respiratory secretions, prevent sinus bradycardia and AV block |
| Also an antidote for cholinergic overdose (physostigmine) and organophosphate toxicity | Atropine |
| Don’t use in patients with glaucoma | Atropine |
| Atrophic rhinitis - | Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Pigs |
| Clinical signs - | Sneezing, followed by atrophy of turbinate bones |
| Signs begin in pigs 3-8 wks | Atropic rhinitis |
| Diagnosis - Signs, lesions, culture | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Control - Difficult to keep herds free of diz, but usually low level | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Control measures taken when reach unacceptable levels,Antibiotic (tet, sulf, tm, tyl) administration to prefarrowing sows, newborn piglets, weaners | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Bacterin admin to sows (4 and 2 wks prefarrowing) and piglets (1 and 4 wks) | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Atypical pneumonia - | Includes acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema (ABPEE), fog fever, bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia |
| One of the more common causes of acute respiratory distress in cattle, esp adult beef cattle | Atypical pneumonia |
| Typically occurs in autumn, 5-10 days after change to a lush pasture | Atypical pneumonia |
| Lush pasture high in L-tryptophan, which is degraded in the rumen to indoleacetic acid, which is converted by rumenal microorganisms to 3-methylindole | Atypical pneumonia |
| 3-MI is absorbed into the bloodstream and is the source of pneumotoxicity after it is activated by pulmonary macrophages | Atypical pneumonia |
| Autonomic Nervous System – | Involuntary branch of peripheral efferent nervous system,works in conjunction w/ somatic NS which is voluntary branch of efferent division |
| Innervates cardiac mm, smooth mm, most exocrine glands, some endocrine glands | ANS |
| Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and norepinephrine | ANS |
| ANS | subdivides into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS |
| Cell body of 1st neuron in CNS – preganglionic fiber – cell body of 2nd neuron in ganglion outside CNS – postganglionic fiber – effector organ | ANS |
| Most visceral organs dually innervated by | SNS and PNS Sympathetic NS –Fight or flight,Originate in thoracolumbar SC,Short preganglionic fibers, synapse w/ ganglia in sympathetic trunk,Long postganglionic fibers |
| Parasympathetic NS –General housekeeping (SLUDDE) | Originate in craniosacral SC,Long preganglionic, short postganglionic |
| Acetylcholine – | Neurotransmitter for both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers |
| Also,parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter,Called cholinergic fibers | Ach |
| Ach also acts at | sympathetic postganglionic fibers of sweat glands and efferent skeletal muscle terminals |
| Cholinergic receptors | Nicotinic Found on postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia,Respond to Ach released from both sympathetic and parasypathetic preganglionic fibers,Also on motor end plates of skeletal mm |
| Muscarinic Found on effector cell membranes of smooth mm,cardiac mm & glands,Bind w/ Ach from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers,Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors | Cholinergic receptors |
| Norepinephrine – | Released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers,Called adrenergic fibers (adrenaline),Also acts at adrenal medulla |
| Feathers | don’t grow continuously, molt once a year (some spp twice)new feathers have blood supply |
| Urophygial gland at dorsal base of tail for | preening |
| Proximal axial skeletal system is | pneumatized |
| Do not attempt to get BM or put catheters in | femur or humerus |
| Eyes have skeletal muscles in the iris,cannot dilate pupil w/ atropine (use NM blocker)Optic chiasm 100%, no concentual PLR | Avian |
| Respiratory system requires | filling of air sacs with 1st breath, goes to caudal air sac, lungs, cranial air sac and back out |
| Avian Digestive system is | beak-tongue-cervical esophagus-crop-thoracic esophagus-proventriculus (glandular stomach)-ventriculus (grinding)-intestines-cloaca |
| Lobulated kidneys are dorsal in synsacral fossa | Avian |
| Renal portal system in addition to hepatic portal system, why don’t give injections in hindlimbs (filtered prior to systemic circulation) | Avian |
| Birds can decrease GFR b/c | uric acid is secreted not filtered |
| Assess renal fxn w/ uric acid; severe renal failure leads to gout | Birds |
| Liver measured by AST and bile acids (not SAP, ALT), eval CPK concurrently | Birds |
| Icterus is rare, see bright green urates when urates should be white | Birds |
| Female bird | has 1 ovary on left, poultry have right remnant (often cystic) |
| Males birds | have 2 testes, some have phallus |
| Heart has 4 chambers, right AV valve is muscular not tendinous,R aortic arch,not L | Bird |
| Do not have lymph nodes but lymphoid tissue – if spleen enlgd, serious systemic disease | Birds |
| Birds Lymphoid tissue includes | thymus and bursa of fabrecious (outpouching of cloaca), both of which shrink up w/ sexual maturity |
| Heterophils instead of neuts w/ rod shaped granules, nucleated thrombocytes instead of platelets, nRBCs | Birds |
| Avocado – | Pulmonary edema and death in birds |
| Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head – | Leg Perthy’s Disease in humans |
| Effects young toy and small breed dogs | LPD |
| Decreased blood supply to femoral head and neck, femoral head collapses, pathologic fracures can occur, osteoarthrosis | LPD |
| Usually unilateral lameness,Can be traumatic or spontaneous,On rads, see dec opacity of femoral head and neck, collapse of femoral head, joint laxity | LPD |
| Sx, require FHO,Warn O that may occur in other side later | LPD |
| Avulsion fracture - | A fragment of bone, which is the site of insertion of a muscle, tendon or ligament, is detached as a result of a forceful pull,Repair with a pin or screw |
| Babesiosis – | Babesia canis, B gibsoni in dogs, B felis in cats, B bigemina, B bovis in cows |
| Intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks | Babesiosis |
| Dogs and cats – Rhipicephalus, the brown dog tick and some Dermacentor | Babesiosis |
| Boophilus tick spp in | cattle Babesiosis |
| Destroys RBCs intravascularly during escape from cells,No human health risk | Babesiosis |
| Clinical signs – Can look just like IMHA, regenerative anemia,Most subclinical | Babesiosis |
| If immunocompromised or splenectomized (parasitized cells removed by spleen), see Hgburia, hgbemia, anemia, hemolysis, icterus,Death | Babesiosis |
| Diagnosis – Hx of tick infestations,Giemsa-stained capillary blood or organ smears,ELISA, IFA,Often Coombs +, polyclonal gammopathy | Babesiosis |
| Treament – Imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol), Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)Feline may be nonresponsive, primaquine phosphate reported to be effective | Babesiosois |
| Barium Series | Should move out of stomach into duodenum by 30 min,Reach ileocolic valve w/in 2 hrs |
| Beak and Feather Virus – | Immunosuppressive disease, often die of 2ndary causes |
| Feather disease w/ damaged follicles, dystrophic feathers, hemorrhage in shafts,Necrotic beaks,Old world birds at risk PCR of blood sample to dx | Beak and Feather Virus |
| Bence-Jones Proteins – | In urine, comprised of immunoglobulin light chains |
| Bethanocol – | Parasympathomimetic used for treating disorders of micturition when no obstruction present |
| Other drugs include dantrolene, diazepam, diethylstilbestrol, estrogen, testosterone, propantheline | treating disorders of micturition |
| Cholinergic, effects primarily muscarinic, negligible nicotinic activity,Has inc duration of action compared to acetylcholine,Used to inc detrusor muscle tone and stimulate bladder contractions in small animals | Bethanocol |
| Also an esophageal or GI stimulant, but metoclopramide and neostigmine are better | Bethanocol |
| Biliary Tract Obstruction – | Bilirubin causes normal colored feces |
| If no bilirubin, as in complete obstruction | get pale white feces (i/d, rice will also do this) Biliary Tract Obstruction |
| #1 cause of BTO is | pancreatitis |
| In surgery, if see little white dots, suponified fat, not mets | BTO |
| Biopsy in pancreatitis in | cats (uncommon) |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate – | Effective antisecretory dt salicylate,Good for acute diarrhea |
| Blackleg - | Clostridium chaovoei,Also C septicum and sordelli |
| An acute febrile disease of cattle and sheep characterized by myonecrosis and emphysematous swelling, usually in the heavy muscles | Blackleg |
| Caused by ingestion of spores and deposition into mm,Usually in young adult beef cattle w/ no hx of trauma | Blackleg |
| Usually trauma induced in sheep,Most common in summer and fall | Blackleg |
| Clinical findings - Crepitant swellings of the heavy muscles,Acute lameness,Acute death in healthy young beef Cattle | Blackleg |
| Diagnosis - History, clinical findings, IFA | Blackleg |
| Blackleg | Control – Vaccination |
| Blastomycosis - Blastomyces dermatitidis, | Fungal disease of the Midwest,Hunting dogs |
| Large (8-20μm) broad based budding yeast w/ refractive cell wall,Infection causes primary granulomatous or pyogranulomatous lesions in the lungs | Blastomycosis |
| N∅s infiltrate,May occur in the skin, eyes, bone and elsewhere | Blastomycosis |
| Draining cutaneous tracts, respiratory disease, Bone diz looks like tumor (ddx coccidio)AGID test, serology Tx w/ amphotericin B (nephrotoxic)Poor px if disseminated | Blastomycosis |
| Blister Beetle – | Cantharidin toxicity,Most often in horses |
| Blister beetles swarm in | alfalfa hay during harvesting |
| Blister Beetles contain | cantharidin, a potent irritant and vesicant that causes GI and renal signs as well as hyperemia and ulceration of the oral, esophageal and GI mucosa |
| Clinical signs include colic, salivation, choke, pollakiuria, hematuria, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia,Horses can die within 48 hours,Treat with supportive care | Blister Beetle (Cantharidin toxicity) |
| Blood - Hemoglobin formation consists of | a globin molecule and four heme groups |
| Each heme group contains | an iron atom with which a molecule may associate and dissociate |
| Each Hbg molecule can transport a max of | four molecules of O2 |
| Each erythrocyte contains | 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin |
| When blood passes through the lungs, Hgb becomes saturated with O2, forming | oxyhemoglobin |
| When this blood passes through body tissues, some of the O2 dissociates from theHgb | |
| Normal blood | contains 15 grams Hgb per deciliter, 98percent of that is saturated with oxygen |
| Blood Transfusion – | wt (lbs) x 40(dog) or 30 (cat) x desired PCV – patient PCV/PCV of donor,Rate approx 10ml/kg/hr, slowly at first to check for adverse rxns |
| If giving to fast, patient will vomit | Blood Transfusion |
| Blood Types –Cat | A, B, and AB |
| Severe transfusion rxns in type B cats | receiving type A blood |
| Type Bs carry | alloantibodies to type A |
| Purebreds | are more commonly type B |
| Risk for severe rxn | on 1st transfusion |
| AB blood type | is very rare |
| Dog blood type | A (DEA1,1 or DEA1,2), B,C,D, F, Tr (DEA7), J,L,M,N |
| Dogs Blood Natural antibodies are anti-B,-D,-Tr, Donors should be DEA1/1, DEA1/2 and DEA7 negative, Neonatal isoerythrolysis assoc w/ anti-DEA1/1 | |
| Horse blood types | A,C,D,K,P,Q,T,U, Natural antibodies anti-A,-C, NI assoc w/ Aa or Qa,Donors should be non Aa or Qa |
| Cow Blood types | A,B,C,F,J,L,M,R,S,T,Z, Natural antibodies anti-J,B system most complex w/ >1000 alleles |
| Cow Blood Donor | Ideally same blood type or at least w/out reactive antigens |
| Cross Match – Major | 2 drops donor RBC in 2 drops recipient serum; if incompatible, recipient serum contains Abs to donor RBCs,Most important, if incompatible, cannot tranfuse for any reason |
| Minor Cross Match | 2 drops recipient RBC in 2 drops donor serum; if incompatible, donor serum contains Ab to recipient RBCs,Cannot transfuse plasma, but can RBCs, if washed and major cross match compatible |
| Blood Volume Total body water | 60percent of body weight; ECF = 50 of TBW, ICF = 50 of TBW |
| ECF divided into plasma volume (8per TBW), IF (37per TBW), and TF (5perTBW) | |
| Blood volume can be approximated as 10 percent body weight, plasma volume as ½ blood volume | |
| Normal blood volume is | 90mls/kg in dog, 50mls/kg in cat, 75mls/kg in horse |
| Blood loss exceeding 20-25percent blood volume can lead to | shock |
| Blue Tongue Virus - | Orbivirus carried by Culicoides, Endemic in USA |
| Disease of sheep, cattle, goats, and wild ruminants | BTV |
| Cattle are the reservoir, Inappetance in cattle and goats, severe disease in sheep and deer | BTV |
| Clinical signs - Sheep- hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears; dyspnea, erosion/ulceration of oral mucosa; muscle necrosis, cyanotic tongue | BTV |
| Abortions, congenital defect Mortality 0-30percent,Cattle usually asymptomatic | BTV |
| If develop clinical signs, same as sheep,If infected during gestation, may abort or give birth to abnormal calves | BTV |
| Diagnosis and Prevention – IFA,Vaccinate sheep,Insect control | BTV |
| Bog Spavin | Chronic synovitis in tibiotarsal (hock) joint causing obvious distension of joint capsule |
| Bone Blood Supply - Diaphyseal nutrient artery enters and passes through | cortex to medullary cavity w/out supplying collaterals to the cortex |
| Divides into ascending and descending branches which anastomose with the epiphyseometaphyseal vessels to supply the BM and compact and cancellous bone | Diaphyseal nutrient artey |
| Blood flows centrifugally through cortex to exit | via periosteal venules |
| In areas of the cortex with heavy fascial attachment, the outer 1/3 of the cortex is supplied by | periosteal arteries |
| Bone Repair Sequence of events: trauma local blood vessel damage, local necrosis of bone & soft tissue back to sites of intact vascular perfusion,Active hyperemia to help w/ fracture healing,Removal of necrotic tissue & bone | |
| Bone repair cont | Clot organization,Formation of Fibrous callus appears 4-5 days after fracture,Bony callus visible radiographically 11- 38 days after fracture,Remodeling of callus,Trabecular bone converted into compact bone between ends of bone fragments |
| Bone Spavin – | DJD of hock joint terminating in the formation of exostoses and ankylosis of the joint |
| Borreliosis – | Tick-born bacterial disease of domestic animals and man,See Lyme Disease |
| Botulism - | Ingestion of Clostridium botulinum toxin or via wound,Neurotoxin |
| Prevents synthesis of acetylcholine at motor end plates | Botilism toxin |
| Clinical signs are weakness, flaccid paralysis w/ intact pain perception Progressive,Disturbed vision, difficulty chewing and swallowing, generalized progressive weakness | Botulism |
| Shaker foals, Death is due to respiratory or cardiac paralysis,Difficult to isolate organism Once bound to nerves, antitoxin will no affect | Botulism(clostridium botulinum) |
| Bovine Corona Virus – Neonatal Calf Diarrhea | Winter dysentery,Fecal-oral w/ possible respiratory transmission, Can cause diarrhea in HUMANS |
| Bovine Leukosis Virus – Retrovirus | AKA lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, leukemia |
| Common cattle disease, 2nd most common bovine neoplasia after SCC | BLV |
| Transmitted by transfer of blood b/w animals,Trauma and surgery most common mechanisms of transmission, also insect vectors | BLV |
| Only 3-5% of those infected get LSA | BLV |
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