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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most common in dairy cattle within one month of parturition or prepartum | LDA and RDA |
| Due to hypocalcemia resulting in abomosal atony | LDA and RDA |
| Leads to metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia due to sequestration of acid, chlorine and potassium in abomasums | LDA and RDA |
| Left 5-10x more common than | right |
| Left-sided ping between ribs 9-13 | LDA |
| Normal TPR,Anorexia, decreased production, ketosis, Diarrhea is poor px sign | LDA and RDA |
| Treatment - roll cow, but recurrence likely,Surgical correction with omentopexy or abomasopexy | LDA and RDA |
| RDA can become | Abomasal volvulus |
| Dairy cows near parturition w/ sudden drop in milk prod,Usu counterclockwise from rear,Very sick, clinical signs more severe dt vascular compromise,Rt sided ping, palpable,Treatment is surgery,Poor prognosis | Abomasal volvulus |
| Most common in high-producing dairy cows in first 6 weeks of production,Stress decreases protective prostaglandins | Abomasal ulcers |
| Ulceration at the ventral portion of the fundic region of the greater curvature,See melena,anorexia, occult blood, abdominal pain | Abomasal ulcers |
| is significant cause of bleeding ulcers in older cattle | LSA |
| Bleeding ulcers | don’t perforate and perforating ulcers (seen in calves) don’t bleed |
| Pregnant beef cattle in winter with poor quality feed | Abomasal impaction |
| Left Ping | LDA, pneumoperitoneum, atonic rumen |
| Right Ping | Spiral colon, rectum/colon, RDA, RAV (palpable) |
| Herd problem: IBR, BVD, brucellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis, anaplasmosis,ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas | Abortion in Cattle |
| Mycotic (Aspergillus, Mucor spp)Reach uterus hematogenously | cause late term abortion in cattle |
| Dx via culture of fetal tissue | abortion due to mycosis |
| Also Listeria, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus,bluetonque,Nitrates, lupine, locoweed, mycotoxins | can cause abortion in cattle |
| Most common infectious cause of abortion in horses is | Equine Herpes 1, last trimester |
| Equine viral arteritis | less frequent cause of abortion in horses |
| EVA and EH1 | Vax available for both diseases |
| Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli | Causes sporadic abortion in horses |
| These infections occur through ascending infection via the cervix | Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli |
| Twin pregnancies in horses | often result in abortion |
| Crush the smallest embryo at day 22-25 after confirmation of pregnancy | Tx for twin pregnancy in horses |
| Most common cause of abortion is campylobacteriosis | sheep |
| Campylobacteriosis | Infection via ingestion of organisms |
| Late-term abortion of edematous fetus,liver with gray necrotic foci,Carrier sheep shed organisms in feces, uterine discharges, aborted fetuses | Campylobacteriosis |
| Culture and ID organism in fetal abomasal fluid and liver | Campylobacteria |
| Vaccinate ewes at breeding,booster at second month gestation | Campylobacteriosis |
| Toxoplasma gondii – protozoan, life cycle is completed in the | cat |
| Abortion and still births in sheep, pigs, and goats | Toxoplasma gondii |
| Toxoplasma gondii | White foci in cotyledons, leukoencephalomalacia |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | late-term abortion |
| Sheep-Exposure via ingestion, inhalation or venereal,Fetus well-preserved or mummified | chlamydia psittaci |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | Placentitis most consistent finding |
| Leptospirosis in sheep | late-term abortions |
| Listeriosis | late-term abortion, birth of weak lambs,Slight to marked autolysis of fetus, fluid in serous cavities, necrotic foci in liver, lung and spleen |
| Erosions in abomasal mucosa,CNS deficits,Man can be affected | Listeriosis |
| Akabane virus disease | arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly |
| Pigs Vaccinations | parvovirus, pseudorabies, enterovirus, brucellosis, leptospirosis can affect reproductive performance |
| Vaccinate sows and gilts against | leptospirosis, parvovirus and erysipelas |
| Also permit >21 day exposure to herd before breeding to allow | natural exposure to endemic herd pathogens including parvovirus and enteroviruses that can cause reproductive failure |
| Parvovirus Early fetal resorption, reduced litter size, mummies | Due to persistence of maternal immunity in gilts until sexual maturity, exposure at breeding time |
| Pseudorabies | Abortion, stillbirths, mummies, weak pigs,Also fever, respiratory signs, nervous signs |
| Brucellosis | Venereal |
| Leptospirosis – L interrogans | one of most common causes of reproductive failure |
| L Pomona | is late term abortion |
| L Bratislava | commonly id in serologic surveys in midwest US but NOT affected w/ abortion or repro problems |
| Abortion induced in Cow | PGF2 up to 4th month |
| Months 5-8 PGF2 & Dexamethasone combination | for induced abortion in cow |
| PG for abortion only | Mare |
| May need double dose or repeated treatment at 48 hour intervals after 4th month | PG for abortion in mare |
| Douching of uterus also works at any stage of pregnancy | Abortion in mare |
| for live foal only after cervix has begun to relax and colostrum is in udder | oxytocin for use in mare |
| PGF2 can be used after day 40 | Small animal |
| Dexamethasone 10 days produces fetal death and resorption | Small animal |
| Phenothiazine tranquilizer,Block release and uptake of dopamine in the CNS,Also has anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antispasmodic & alpha-adrenergic blocking effects | Acepromazine |
| Acepromazine | Depresses RAS,Administer atropine to counteract bradycardic effects |
| Adverse effects Precipitates seizures,-RR,-arterial BP,+CVP, bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest,Bradycardia negated by physiological response to decreased BP | Acepromazine |
| Causes extrusion of penis in male large animals,No analgesic effects | Acepromazine |
| Positive effects - Antidysrhythmic effects,Inhibit arrhythmias induced by ultra-short barbiturates, halothane, Epinephrine | Acepromazine |
| Reduces halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in pigs | Acepromazine |
| Contraindications - Decrease dose in animals with hepatic dysfunction, cardiac disease,Contraindicated in patients w/ hypovolemia, shock, tetanus, strychnine | Acepromazine |
| If there is no displacement, fractures treated conservatively w/ Ehmer sling & restricted Activity,Bone plates & screws used for internal fixation | Acetabelar |
| Acetaminophen poisoning | Tylenol |
| Clinical signs - Hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia,Dark-colored urine,Icterus, facial edema,lethargy | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Clin path - Heinz body anemia, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Therapy - N-acetylcysteine (Mucomist) | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Acrodermatitis | Lethal familial zinc deficiency in white bull terriers |
| Retarded growth, progressive, acral, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pustular dermatits at mucocutaneous jxns,Death by 2 yrs of age | Acrodermatitis |
| Acute Abdomen Syndrome | Acute presentation, showing systemic signs, abdomen painful, distended, V/D, weakness,Major categories are bacterial sepsis, obstruction/perforation, ischemia/thrombosis |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone,Suppresses excretion of urine |
| Has specific effect on the epithelial cells of the renal tubules | ADH |
| Stimulates the resorption of water, resulting in concentration of urine | ADH |
| Adrenal Glands Endocrine gland, Adrenal cortex | Three zones |
| Zona glomerulosa (outer) secretes | mineralocorticoids |
| Zona fasciculata (middle) layer secretes | glucocorticoids |
| Zona reticularis (inner) secretes | sex steroids |
| Accessory cortical tissue seen as small nodules in | aged dogs is common and nonfunctional |
| Adrenal Medulla | Modified sympathetic nervous system ganglion |
| Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine | adrenal medulla Important role in response to stress or hypoglycemia |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone regulates ion transport of epithelial cells, resulting in excretion of K+ & conservation of Na+ |
| Glucocorticoids | Regulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose and lipolysis |
| Glucocorticoids | suppress inflammatory and immunologic responses |
| Can have negative effect on wound healing due to inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis | glucocorticoids |
| Sex hormones | Progesterone, estrogens, and androgens |
| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus | Cat lungworm |
| Life cycle includes snail first host,frog, lizard, bird or rodent vector | aelurostrongylus abstrusus encysted larvae |
| Cat eats transport host, larvae migrate from stomach to lungs and embed in lung tissue Eggs form nodules in alveolar ducts, larvae hatch, coughed up, swallowed and passed in feces,Larvae in feces have dorsally spined tails | aelurostrongylus abstrsus |
| Causes coughing, dyspnea,Treatment is levamisole | aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
| African Swine Fever | Iridovirus |
| Highly contagious viral disease that resembles hog cholera and is therefore REPORTABLE | ASF |
| Eradicated from western hemisphere | ASF |
| Replicates in RE cells, found in all fluids and tissues, No vaccine | ASF |
| Ornithodoros ticks are vectors,Oronasal exposure,Survivors carriers for life | ASF |
| Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, eye discharge, abortion, death,Hemorrhage of lymph nodes, renal cortex, splenomegaly (bigger than in hog cholera) Excessive pleural, pericardial and peritoneal f luids | ASF |
| Air Sacculitis | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Causes respiratory tract infection in chickens,High rate of carcass,condemnation,Caseous exudates | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Aldosterone | The main mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| Regulates electrolyte & water balance by promoting retention of Na+ & the excretion of K+,Retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume and an increase in blood pressure | Aldosterone |
| Secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by | angiotensin II |
| Aleutian Disease | Parvoviral infection of mink resulting in immune complex formation and deposition, No vaccine |
| Alimentary Lymphosarcoma | Most have normal or low peripheral lymphocytes,Nonresponsive IBD,Can be diffuse or multinodular,Dx w/ full thickness biopsy,Very difficult to treat |
| Alkalosis | incHCO3,incTCO2 |
| hyperventilation causes | alkalosis |
| Cow saliva rich in | HCO3 (horse saliva rich in Cl-) |
| Amyloidosis | Consists of B pleated sheets of amino acids, refractory to enzymatic breakdown,2major amyloid proteins,AA released from hepatocytes due to chronic infection,AL composed of partially degraded immunoglobulin light chains produced by malignant plasma cells |
| Disease caused by displacement of normal cells with amyloid deposits, mainly liver, spleen, brain and kidneys | Amyloidosis |
| Anal Sac Disease | Hematochezia, Chronic bright red blood w/ normal stools |
| Anaplasmosis | Anaplasma marginale,Rickettsia located in the stroma of RBC |
| Disease of ruminants,Transmission through contamination with infected blood via ticks (Boophilus, Dermacentor), horse flies, stable flies, mechanical transfer of blood (vax, dehorn, etc),Fomites | anaplasmosis |
| Carriers maintain disease in a herd, More severe in adult cattle, lifelong resistance if exposed young | anaplasmosis |
| Clinical signs Depression, inappetence, fever, decreased production, marked icterus,Anemia leading to hypoxemia, Diagnosis Suspect in mature cattle showing anemia without hemoglobinuria, Blood smear, see anisocytosis, presence of agent,Serology | anaplasmosis |
| Treatment Tetracycline | LA200, Do not stress patients, may die,Insect control |
| Vax – May cause neonatal isoerythrolysis | anaplasmosis |
| Ancylostoma caninum | Canine hookworm |
| Anemia CRC | percent reticulocytes X patient PCV/normal PCV (45 in dog, 37 in cat) |
| anemia Regenerative if | > than 1percent in dog or 5percent in cat |
| Horses | have no peripherally circulating reticulocytes |
| Regenerative Anemia | Macrocytic, normochromic, nRBCs |
| Regenerative response | take 2-5 days |
| Hemolysis – Intravascular | RBC destruction w/in blood vessels & loss of Hgb from cells,Often severly ill w/ weakness, fever, icterus, Hgbemia, Hbguria |
| Blood pressure | Systolic below 80 & mean below 60 are worry numbers when anesthetized |
| Hypotension is | mean BP<60 for >20min |
| Assist by dec anesthetic percent, inc fluid rate, inc ventilation | Hypotension |
| Kidney | cannot autoregulate when BP<60mmHg |
| Arterial Pressures | CO x Peripheral resistance |
| CO | HR x SV |
| Systolic | 100-160 |
| Diastolic | 60-100 |
| Mean | 80-120 |
| CVP | 0-10 |
| Blood gasses – Hypoventilation | kills slowly |
| Hypoxemia | kills quickly |
| PaCO2 - | Measures ventilatory status of the patient |
| Normal 35 – 45 mmHg | PaCO2 |
| PaCO2 < 35 | hyperventilation |
| Inc HR,inc CO,inc BP, injected mucous membranes | hyperventilation |
| PaCO2 > 45 | hypoventilation |
| PaCO2 > 60 | severe respiratory acidosis |
| Hypercapnia | may be caused by hypoventilation, upper or lower airway obstruction, pleural filling disorders, pulmonary parenchymal disease, abdominal or thoracic restrictive disorders |
| PaO2 | Measures oxygenating efficiency of the lungs |
| Normal 90-100 | PaO2 |
| Patients on 100percent O2 have | PaO2 400-500 |
| PaO2 | 5x what breathing |
| PaO2 < 60mmHg | hypoxemia |
| SpO2 | predictor of O2 saturation (PaO2),percent saturation of Hgb |
| Measure w/ pulse oximeter, want >90percent | Hgb saturation |
| Urine output | Indirect measure of major visceral organ perfusion |
| Intraoperative urine output should be | 1-2ml/kg/hr, 1/2mg/kg/hr in horse,Renal fxn dec after general anest and sx in normal, healthy animal for 24-48 hrs |
| pH Acid base status Normal | 7/4 |
| Primary derangement is always in direction of pH, body won’t overcompensate | 3 x bas deficity x wt(kg) = HCO3mEq (give ½ and reasses) |
| Temperature Can spontaneously | fibrillate if < 90F |
| Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) | Only anesthetic agent approved by FDA for fish |
| E cylinder of O2 | Contains 700L at 2200 psi |
| H cylinder of O2 | Contains 7,000L at 2200 psi |
| Angiotensin | Vasoconstrictive principle formed in the blood when renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney |
| The enzymatic action of rennin | cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin I is activated | in the lung to become angiotensin II (by ACE) |
| Angiotensin II stimulates | aldosterone secretion and raises blood pressure, thereby decreasing fluid loss |
| Antacids and Antisecretory Agents | Gastric ulceration, hypersecretory diz, EPI, NSAID tox |
| AlOH | Cations bind bile acid, stimulate prostaglandin sythesis, cytoprotective,Rapid,Also binds P in renal disease |
| H2 antagonists | Antisecretory, competitive blockade |
| Cimetidine | TID H2 antagonist, least potent, most bioavailable |
| Ranitidine | 5-12x more potent H2 antagonist, BID, less bioavail, minimal drug interactions |
| Omeprazole | Proton pump inhibitors,Most effective antisecretory |
| Misosprostol | Synthetic prostaglandin, antisecretory,Local effects |
| Sucralfate | Cytoprotective, needs acidic environment to work,Protects and promotes healing, physiologic bandaid, NSAID prophy |
| Anterior Uveitis Inflammation of the anterior uveal tract | iris, ciliary body, choroid |
| AU Signs | Pain,blepharospasm,tearing,conjunctivitis,constricted pupil, reduced IOP,aqueous flare,keratic precipitates,hypopyon, miosis |
| Glaucoma, cataract and corneal opacification may be complication | AU |
| AU Cause | Trauma,infectious systemic disease,intraocular neoplasm,intraocular helminths,immune-mediated disease |
| Recurrent uveitis | immune-mediated |
| Treatment - Topical atropine, corticosteroids if no ulcer, prostaglandin inhibitors, antibiotics | AU |
| Blepharospasm | spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid |
| Aqueous flare | turbidity of the aqueous humor caused by increased protein levels |
| Keratic precipitates | fibrous deposits on the posterior surface of the cornea, usually associated with uveitis |
| Hypopyon | pus in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through |
| Fenbendazole | Panacure,Least hepatotoxic benzimidozole,Treats rounds, hooks, whips, Taenia, lungworms (cats) & Giardia |
| NOT effective against D caninum tapes | Fenbendazole |
| 3 doses over 3 days | Fenbendazole |
| Febantel is prodrug metabolized | to fenbendazole in dogs, don’t use in cats |
| HPS reactions to dying parasites esp, at high doses | Fenbendazole |
| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation |
| Brucellosis in dogs Brucella canis | 3rd trimester abortion – orchitis |
| Also B abortus, B suis, orB melitensis associated with | infected domestic livestock |
| Brucellosis in sheep – Brucella | melitensis, abortion, B ovis, produces disease unique to sheep |
| Epididymitis & orchitis impair fertility | B melitensis |
| Brucellosis in pigs – B suis | Usually self limiting, can remain in herd for yrs,Man working in pack houses at risk |
| Prevalence highest in feral pigs | B suis |
| Brucellosis card test,No vax | B suis |
| Brucellosis in horses – | B abortus, B suis |
| Suppurative bursitis, fistulous withers or poll evil,Occasionally abortion | Brucellosis in horses |
| Unlikely source for disease to other horses, animals or man | Brucellosis in horses |
| Brucellosis in people | – Undulent Fever |
| Usu mild, can be serious public health problem esp when B melitensis | Brucellosis in people |
| Bucked shins | Front limb lameness in 2-3 yr old Thoroughbred or racing QH,Metacarpal bone painful on manual compression |
| Lameness likely dt microfractures in bone as result of compression during exercise at high speed,Metacarpal periostitis | Bucked shins |
| Bullous diseases | Autoimmune diseases of skin & mucous membranes characterized by pustules, vesicles, bulges, erosions & ulcerations |
| Occur in dogs, cats and horses | Bullous diseases |
| Pemphigus foliaceus | Young to middle aged dogs uncommonly, even less so in cats and horses |
| Pustular crusting disease sparing mucous membranes (no lesions in mouth) | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| May form widespread heavy crusts, marked hyperkeratosis of footpads, & involvement of nailbeds that may lead to loss of the nails | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Tx w/ high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Pemphigus vulgaris | Less common than PF |
| Vesicular disease affecting mucous membranes, Blisters, vesicles(rupture quickly), erosions in mouth, rectum, Suprabasilar acantholysis | PV |
| Tx with high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | PV |
| Difficult to get into remission, Poor px | PV |
| Bullous pemphigoid | Collies, DPs Rare, sloughing diz Lesions widespread, tend to concentrate in groin |
| Resembles severe scald | Bullous pemphigoid |
| Pemphigus erythematosus | Affects face & ears,has features of DLE,Scaling lesions,hypopigmentation of the planum nasale,Not well defined |
| Pemphigus vegetans | Rare,Benign variant of pemphigus vulgaris,Bullae replaced by verrucoid hypertrophic vegetative masses |
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Dermal SLE,Autoimmune skin dz of dogs characterized by depigmentation, erythema,scaling,erosions,ulcerations & crusting, particularly on & spreading up bridge of nose & sometimes face & lips |
| Immunoglobulins and/or complement are deposited at the basement membrane in the skin,Tx w/ tetracycline/ niainamide promising | Discoid Lupus Erythematosus |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Controversial,Multisystemic autoimmune disease of dogs & cats |
| Extremely wide variety of clinical signs may occur, but immune-mediated polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia & skin disease are most common | SLE |
| Griseofulvin | Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle, inhibit nucleic acid & fungal wall sythesis |
| Limited to dermatophytes only Give w/ fatty food to inc absorption Side effects include GI, teratogenic & carcinogenic at inc doses, bone marrow dyscrasias Do not give to pregnant animals | Griseofulvin |
| Antiseptic Agents | Agents applied to the body |
| disinfectants which are used | on inanimate objects |
| Amphotericin B | Polyene macrolide Binds to fungal sterols, altering permeability of membrane Fungistatic, Dimorphic fungi (histo, blasto, crypto, coccidio) |
| Because of the risk of severe toxicity reserved for disseminated,progressive, potentially fatal fungal infections,Nephrotoxic, anaphylactoid | Amphotericin B |
| Apomorphine | Most consistently effective antiemetic in dogs |
| Atropine | Anticholinergic Central Too many side effects for antiemetic use |
| Chlorpromazine | Phenothiazine Central, antidopaminergic Very effective centrally acting antiemetic, esp for blood born stimuli |
| 2nd drug of choice for antiemetic | Chlorpromazine |
| Diphenhydramine | Antihistaminergic Central Good for motion sickness, otitis media/interna |
| Metaclopramide | Antidopaminergic Peripheral & central Physiologically antagonizes vomiting reflex Also prokinetic from esophageal sphincter to upper duodenum, don’t give w/ obstruction, perforation, or epilepsy |
| 1st drug of choice antiemetic agent | Metaclopramide |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate | Antiprostaglandin, antibacterial Peripheral Antidiarrheal Care in cats |
| Metronidazole | Bactericidal & antiprotozoal Obligate anaerobes Disrupts DNA and nucleic acid synthesis |
| Immunolmodulator in IBD | Metronidazole |
| Rifampin | Bactericidal or bacteriostatic Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Used for treatment of Rhodococcus equi in combo w/ erythromycin |
| Fluoroquinolones | Good G- aerobes, facultative anaerobes, atypical mycobacterium, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ehrilichia, BRD Bactericidal |
| DNA gyrase inhibitor, prevent DNA synthesis, Enrofloxacin (SID, prostate, RMSF,deethylated to cipro)ciprofloxacin | Fluoroquinolones |
| Variable activity against Streptococci – not recommended | Fluoroquinolones |
| Contraindicated in young animals due to cartilage defects | Fluoroquinolones |
| Baytril (Fluroquinolones) associated with | blindness in cats |
| Sulfonamides | G+, easy G-,anaerobes, nocardia & actinomyces |
| Bacteriostatic, Inhibit folic acid pathway(PABA/pteridine not converted to DHFA),Broad spectrum Many bacteria have developed resistance | sulfonamides |
| Potentiated sulfonamides | TMPS Bactericidal, inhibits bacterial thymidine synthesis in folic acid pathway |
| Exc tissue distribution Most drug side effects of all Abs,allergic rxs, hepatotoxic, KCS, hypothroidism, crystalluria, thyrotoxic, anemia,BM toxicity(aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia hypoprothrombinemia) | Sulfonamides |
| Tetracyclines | G+,easy G-,Mycoplasma,spirochetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Hemobartonella, Brucellosis, Bacteriostatic |
| Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit SafeProstate, Includes doxycycline | tetracyclines |
| (biliary excretion), oxytetracycline, tetracycline Resistance inc May cause | esophagitis |
| Chloramphenicol | G+,G-Bacteriostatic,Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis |
| Penetrates everything, Can cause aplastic anemia in humans | Chloramphenicol |
| Lincosomides | G+aerobes,anaerobes,No G-Often combo w/ aminoglycosides, Lincomycin, clindamycin, Bacteriostatic or bactericidal,Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit,Distribute well, biliary elimination |
| Contr in rabbits, rodents, horses, ruminants due to serious GI effects | Lincosomides |
| Macrolides | G+,selected G- Bacteriostatic |
| Bind 50S ribosomal subunit in alveolar macrophages, great for pulmonary infections | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin is used in the treatment of Rhodococcus equi | in combo w/ rifampin Can cause increase in GI motility |
| Tilmicosin | used in BRD,CV toxicity in primates, horses,swine |
| Imidazoles | Fungistatic Inhibit ergosterol/steroid synthesis (blocks cytochrome p450),inc cell membrane permeability,dec cell membrane fluidity |
| Use for dermatophytes, yeast, dimorphic fungi, Impairs steroid sythesis, so sometimes used in hyperadrenocorticism & prostate diz | Imidazoles |
| Ketaconazole | Fairly safe (hepatotoxicity), give w/ food |
| Short t½ Not got w/ dimorphic fungi, esp blasto | Ketaconazole |
| Itraconazole | more effective spectrum |
| Fluconazole | Crosses BBB |
| 5-Flucytosine | Ancoban Inhibits DNA synthesis (antimetabolite, competes with uracil, interfering with pyrimidine metabolism and protein synthesis) |
| Limited spectrum Cryptococcus, Candida,Rapid absorption, excellent distribution | 5-Flucytosine |
| Synergistic effect with amphotericin B Adverse effects include BM depression (pancytopenia),GI disturbances, rashes, oral ulceration, increased liver enzymes | 5Flucytosine |
| Alcohol | Protein denaturation,70percent effective against G+ and G- bacteria |
| Good bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal,Most rapid acting but least residual action | Alcohol |
| Fast kill, defatting agent Evaporates quickly 2 min for max effect | Alcohol |
| May be drying or irritating,May cause cytotoxicity | Alcohol |
| Often used in combo w/ povidone iodine | Alcohol |
| Arginine | Essential amino acid for cats |
| Needed to drive the urea cylce b/c it transforms ammonia into urea | Arginine |
| Arginine deficiency may potentiate | hepatic encephalopathy |
| Arsenic Poisoning | Sources include rodenticides, wood preservatives, weed killers, baits, insecticides |
| Clinical signs Acute effects on GIT and CV system,Profuse watery diarrhea, may be blood tinged,Severe colic, dehydration, weakness, depression, weak pulse | Arsenic Poisoning |
| Diagnosis | Determination of arsenic levels in tissue and ingesta |
| Arsenic Poisoning Treatment | Thioctic acid, Dimercaprol (BAL) |
| Phenylarsonic toxicosis | arsenical additives to swine and poultry diets to improve production, treat dysentery |
| Toxicosis results from | excess supplementation |
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