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VetMed Prev Med
Preventative Medicine Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transstadial Transmission | infection with pathogen is maintained in vector as it develops between life stages not passed to next generation |
| Direct Zoonoses | requires only one vertebrate host to complete life cycle rabies, trichinosis, brucellosis |
| Cyclozoonoses | requires more than one vertebrate host, but not invertebrate host human taeniasis echinococcosis pantastoma |
| Metazoonoses | requires both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts arbovirus (west nile), plague, schistomiasis |
| Saprozoonoses | requires non-animal development site larval migrans, coccidiomycosis, histoplasmosis |
| Category A Agents (6) | anthrax botulilsm plague smallpox tularemia viral hemorrhagic fever |
| Only Category A Agent that is NOT Zoonotic | smallpox |
| Anthrax | agent: bacillus anthracis reservoir: herbivores, soil txfr: aerosol, cutanous, ingest |
| Brucellosis | agent: b. abortus, canis, suis, melitensis reservoir: cattle, swine, sheep, goats, dogs txfr: contact, ingest, iatrogenic |
| Campylobacteriosis | agent: c. jejuni, coli reservoir: poultry, cattle, sheep, puppies, kittens txfr: contact, ingest |
| Cat Scratch Disease | agent: bartonella henselae reservoir: cats, fleas txfr: cats, fleas |
| Colibacillosis | agent: EH escherichia coli 0157:H7 reservoir: cattle, humans txfr: aerosol, ingest, fecal/oral |
| Mycobacterium | agent: m. bovis, tuberculosis, marinum, fortuitum, ulcerans reservoir: cattle, human, badger, swine, water txfr: aerosol, contact |
| Plague | agent: yersinia pestis reservoir: rodent, small mammal txfr: aerosol, fleas |
| Psittacosis ("parrot fever") | agent: chlamydophilia psittici reservoir: psitticine birds, poultry, pigeons txfr: aerosol |
| Salmonellosis | agent: s. typhimurium, arizonae reservoir: domestic/wild animals txfr: aerosol, ingest, transovarial |
| Tetanus | agent: clostridium tetani reservoir: horse, human, soil txfr: punctures, wounds |
| Tularemia ("rabbit fever") | agent: francisella tularensis reservoir: rabbit, hare, small rodents txfr: ticks, tissues |
| Leptospirosis | agent: leptospira interragans serovars hardjo, canicola, pomona, bratislava reservoir: domestic/wild animals txfr: mucous membranes, ingest, waterborne |
| Q-fever | agent: coxiella burnetti (rickettsial) reservoir: cattle, sheep, goat, dog, bird, tick, wildlife txfr: aerosol, placenta, raw milk |
| SARS | agent: coronavirus reservoir: horseshoe bat (DH), civet cat, dog, raccoon txfr: person-to-person contact |
| Arenavirus (2) | agent: lassa virus reservoir: mutimammate rat txfr: aerosol, contact, ingest, nosocomial |
| Arenavirus (1) | agent: lymphocytic chroiomeningitis reservoir: house mouse, hamster, rodent colonies txfr: aerosol, contact, NOT contagious |
| Monkeypox | agent: orthopoxvirus reservoir: squirrel, prairie dog, giant gambian rat txfr: aerosol, contact, bites |
| Hantavius Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | agent: hantavirus reservoir: mice, rat txfr: aerosol, contact, bite, ingest |
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy | agent: prion reservoir: cattle txfr: ingestion |
| Influenza A | agent: orthomyxovirus H5N1 reservoir: wild bird, migratory bird txfr: aerosol, mm contact (human); ingest (bird) |
| West Nile Virus | agent: flavivirus reservoir: passerine, american robin txfr: metazoonotic (culex mosquito) |
| Rabies | agent: lyssavirus reservoir: canine, raccoon, bat, skunk, fox txfr: aerosol, bite, milk, NOT thru intact skin |
| Rabies Vx | dead virus peaks at 28d (not considered vx until then) |
| Postexposure - UnVx | euthanize or isolate for 6mos vx |
| Postexposure - Vx | vx observe for 45d |
| Postexposure - livestock | slaughter immediately and cook thoroughly |
| Postexposure - humans | isolate animal for 10d and observe |
| Aspergillosis ("brooder pneumonia") | agent: many spp reservoir: soil, decaying plant material txfr: aerosol (not true zoonosis) |
| Blastomycosis | agent: blastomyces dermatitidis reservoir: soil, wooded wet places, acidic, pigeon/bat feces in soil txfr: aerosol, needle stick |
| Coccidioidomycosis ("valley fever") | agent: coccidioides immites spores reservoir: soil txfr: aerosol (not true zoonosis) |
| Cryptococcosis | agent: cryptococcus neoformans reservoir: human, cattle, fowl feces, soil, eucalyptus tree txfr: aerosol, contact, iatrogenic into cow udders (NOT contagious) |
| Histoplasmosis | agent: histoplasma capsulatum reservoir: soil with bird/bat feces txfr: aerosol |
| Sporotrichosis ("rose handler's disease") | agent: sporothrix schenckii reservoir: soil, wood, plants, mouth/nasal cavity/nails of cats txfr: aerosol, wounds, cats (true zoonosis) |
| Dermatophytosis ("ringworm" "tinea" "dermatomycosis") | agent: microsporum spp; trycophyton spp. reservoir: dog, cat, cattle txfr: contact, aerosol, fomites |
| Cryptosporidiosis | agent: cryptosporidium parvum reservoir: human, cattle, dog, cat txfr: aerosol, ingest, mechanical, fecal/oral |
| Giardiasis | agent: giardia intestinalis reservoir: human, beaver, dog, cat, ruminant txfr: fecal/oral of cyst |
| Leishmaniasis | agent: leishmania spp. reservoir: human, wild rodent, marsupial, foxhound txfr: female sandflies |
| Toxoplasmosis | agent: toxoplasma gondii reservoir: cat (DH), rodent, bird, sheep, goat, swine txfr: ingest, transovarial |
| Ancylostomiasis (hookworm) | agent: ancylostoma caninum reservoir: dog, cat txfr: contact (cutaneous larval migrans) |
| Toxocariasis (roundworm) | agent: toxocara canis reservoir: dog, cat, buffalo/bovine calves txfr: ingest (visceral/ovular larval migrans) |
| Baylisascariasis | agent: baylisascaris procyonis reservoir: raccoon txfr: ingest embryonated egg |
| Taeniaisis | agent: t. solium, saginata reservoir: human (DH), undercooked pork/beef txfr: ingest |
| Cysticercosis | agent: t. solium, saginata, ovis, taeniaeformis reservoir: human (IH), fruit, veggies, soil, water txfr: ingest |
| Echinococcosis | agent: echinococcus granulosus, multilocularis reservoir: canid (DH), herbivore (IH), human (IH) txfr: ingest |
| Three Routes of Disease Transmission | contact aerosol vector |
| Three Elements Needed for Disease Transmission | susceptible host conducive environment source of organism |
| % of Human Pathogens that are Zoonotic | 60% |
| % of Emerging Diseases that are Zoonotic | 75% |
| Components of a Biosecurity Plan (BITS) | Biosecurity assessment Isolation/quarantine Traffic control Sanitation |
| Components of a Biosecurity Plan (STAIRS) | Sanitation Traffic control Assessment Isolation/quarantine Resistance Security |
| Characteristics of Water that Effect Detergents | temperature (hotter the better) hardness (Mg2+ and Ca2+) pH |
| Order of Susceptibility of Pathogens to Disinfectants | enveloped viruses > vegetative bacteria > fungi > non-enveloped viruses > mycobacteria > bacterial spores |
| Factors Effecting Disinfection Efficacy | temperature hydration extraneous organic material pH time number of microorganisms |
| Factors Effecting Disinfectant Selection | efficacy concentration odor/taste stability residual activity time temperature activity with soap/detergent cost |
| Phenols | wide activity - NOT nonenveloped viruses & spores good for organic debris and hard water cheaper |
| Iodophores | wide activity poor in organic debris, sunlight, hard water |
| Chlorines (Bleach) | viruses, fungi, bacteria, algae - NOT spores poor in organic debris cheap |
| Quaternary Ammoniums | bacteria, enveloped viruses poor in detergents and hard water |
| Chlorahexadine | enveloped viruses, bacteria - NOT nonenveloped viruses, spores, fungi, gram (+) cocci poor in hard water and organic debris |
| Oxidizing Agents | anaerobic bacteria (H2O2) wide range, expensive (Virkon-s) |
| Alcohols | bacteria, fungal spores, enveloped viruses - NOT nonenveloped viruses |
| Aldehydes | wide activity expensive |
| Only Form of Vx that Prevents Disease | mucosal |
| DIVA | differentiate infected from vaccinated vx that contains antigen-marker so that vx titer can be distinguished from natural infection titer |
| Why Vx Fail | improper antigen selection (#1) improper timing improper administration improper handling/storage |
| Metaphylactic Abx | used to treat high risk animals |
| USDA APHIS Regulation | vaccines on-farm regulation |
| FDA Regulation | animal drugs and feed sets tolerance levels for animal drug residues in human food animal welfare fish, shellfish, produce, milk, canned foods, infant formula, juices, bottled water, shell eggs authority to seize products |
| FSIS Regulation | meat, poultry, egg products humane slaughter no authority outside of plant |
| AMDUCA | Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act - extra label drug use permitted only by vet - valid VCPR required for ELDU - ELDU in feed is prohibited |
| PETS Act | requires that all state and local emergency preparedness operational plans address the needs of individuals with household pets and service animals following a major disaster or emergency |
| CBRNE Hazards | chemical biological radiological nuclear explosive |
| Epidemiological Triad | wildlife EID domestic animal EID human EID |
| First Vet Schools | Lyon and Alfort, France, 1760's |
| Daniel Salmon | described Salmonella choleraesuis established 1st federal meat inspection program in USA |
| Bernard Bang | described the TB test |
| Charles Carpenter | demonstrated relationship between cow's milk and human brucellosis |
| Karl Meyer | demonstrated relationship between time, temp, pressure |
| Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis | correlated cadaveric poisoning to childbed fever (germ theory) |
| Factors Which Result in Insufficient Withdrawal Times | inappropriate drug dose too large of volume at one injection site incorrect route of administration extending therapy beyond label time extra label use of drug |
| Top Ten Food-Borne Pathogens | campylobacter spp. costridium botulinum e. coli 0157:H7 listeria monocytogenes norovirus salmonella spp. staphylococcus aureus shigella spp. toxoplasma gondii vibrio vulnificus |
| Anthropozoonoses | infections transmitted from other vertebrates to man roundworms |
| Zooanthropozoonoses | infections transmitted from man to animals swine flu |
| Amphixenoses | infections maintained in both man and other vertebrates and may be naturally transmitted in either direction influenza |
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