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VetMed SAMS5
SAMS Final - Part 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nasal Nematodes | capillaria aerophila eucoleus boehmi |
| Single Best Test for Dx Nasal Disease | nasal biopsy |
| Causative Agents of Canine Fungal Rhinitis | aspergillus penicillium |
| Causative Agent of Feline Fungal Rhinitis | cryptococcus |
| Stridor | harsh, high-pitched noise worse with exercise suggests larynx or trachea dz |
| Stertor | typical "snoring" noise suggests soft palate or nose dz |
| Characteristics of Respiration in Obstructive vs. Restrictive Resp. Dz | obstructive - resp. is slow and deep restrictive - resp. is rapid and shallow |
| Crackles | multiple crackles/pops during inspiratory and expiratory phases or only during mid- to end-expiratory suggests bronchial dz |
| Wheezes | faint, musical, high-pitched noises during inspiration and expiration caused by air whistling through narrow bronchi suggests bronchial dz |
| Causes of Cyanosis | arterial hypoxia abnormal hemoglobin pigments peripheral cyanosis |
| Clinical Hypoxia | <80mmHg |
| Clinical Cyanosis | <60mmHg |
| Most Common Respiratory Syndrome in Dogs | canine infectious tracheobronchitis or "kennel cough" |
| Causative Agents of Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis | viruses: parainfluenza +/- CAV-2 bacteria: bordetella bronchiseptica |
| Most Common Canine Chronic Respiratory Dz | canine chronic bronchitis |
| Uncommon Nematode of Lungs that Mimics Kennel Cough | oslerus (filaroides) osleri |
| Common DDx for Cough in Cats (4) | chronic bronchitis asthma lung parasites heartworms |
| Lung Parasites of Cats (2) | aelurostrongylus abstrusus (nematode) paragonimus kellicotti (trematode) |
| Bronchodilator Rx Used for At-Home ER Tx of Asthma in Cats | beta-2 agonists: terbutaline, albuterol C/I with hypertension and/or cardiomyopathy |
| Prevalence of Blastomyces dermatitidis | Fe < Ca |
| Prevalence of Histoplasma capsulatum | Fe = Ca |
| Prevalence of Coccidioides immitis | Fe < Ca |
| Cryptococcus | Fe > Ca |
| Rx for Mycotic Pneumonia | itraconazole amphotericin-B (nephrotoxic) fluconazole - eye, prostate, urinary tract, CNS |
| Rads for Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | diffuse interstitial pattern in dorsocaudal lung fields |
| Rads for Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | perihilar interstitial pattern |
| Most Common Primary Pulmonary Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats | adenocarcinoma of bronchial epithelium |
| C/S of Primary Pulmonary Neoplasia in Dogs | chronic cough |
| C/S of Primary Pulmonary Neoplasia in Cats | lameness from hypertrophic osteopathy and acrometastasis |
| Pure Transudate | < protein < cells "clear enough to read through" caused by decreased oncotic pressure (hypoproteinemia) |
| Modified Transudate | 2.5-3.5 g/dl protein 500-10,000/ul cells "straw-colored" caused by increased hydrostatic pressure (congestive heart failure, neoplastic effusion) |
| Exudate | >3.0 g/dl protein >5,000/ul cells "murky" caused by increased vascular permeability (pyothorax, neoplastic effusion) |
| Pure Transudate | < protein < cells "clear enough to read through" caused by decreased oncotic pressure (hypoproteinemia) |
| Modified Transudate | 2.5-3.5 g/dl protein 500-10,000/ul cells "straw-colored" caused by increased hydrostatic pressure (congestive heart failure, neoplastic effusion) |
| Exudate | >3.0 g/dl protein >5,000/ul cells "murky" caused by increased vascular permeability (pyothorax, neoplastic effusion) |
| Causative Agents of Pyothorax | bacteria: nocardia, actinomyces fungal viral: FIP |
| RxTx of Chylothorax | benzopyrones (Rutins) - helps macrophages eat debris |
| Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | stenotic nares tonsillar enlargement elongated soft palate everted laryngeal saccules trachial hypoplasia laryngeal collapse |
| Clinical Trachial Hypoplasia | tracheal diameter / rib 3 <3.0 tracheal diameter / thoracic inlet diameter <0.2 |
| Dx Sound of Laryngeal Collapse | inspiratory stridor |
| Most Common Laryngeal Neoplasia in Cats | lymphosarcoma |
| XDx of Tracheal Collapse | +insp/exp: flattened tracheal rings +insp: cervical collapse +exp: thoracic collapse |
| Intercostal Space | 2-3x width of rib |
| Blood Supply to Thoracic Wall | intercostal arteries caudal to ribs with vein and nerve internal thoracic artery |
| Fxn of Internal Intercostal Muscles | aid in expiration |
| Fxn of External Intercostal Muscles | aid in inspiration |
| Dx of Chylothorax | "milky" fluid on thoracocentesis fluid triglyceride > serum triglyceride |
| DDx for Mediastinal Mass in Dogs and Cats | thymoma lymphoma |
| Most Common Pulmonary Neoplasias in Dogs | bronchoalveolar carcinoma adenocarcinoma |
| Positive Prognostic Indicators for Primary Pulmonary Neoplasia | well-differentiated tumor no lymph node involvement single mass no preoperative clinical signs |
| Flow Rate of Nasal O2 | 50 ml/kg FIO2 = ~40% |
| Detrimental Effects of Dry O2 | dehydrates mucosa increases viscosity of secretions degenerates epithelium impairs mucociliary apparatus |
| Indications for Mechanical Ventilation | arterial PO2 <50-60mmHg on 100% O2 apnea PaCO2 >60mmHg |
| Cardiac Output | = stroke volume X heart rate |
| Chronotropy | changes in heart rate |
| Stroke Volume Depends On... | preload contractility or ionotropy afterload |
| Preload Determined By... | venous return residual volume |
| Ionotropy | intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle fiber to contract at given fiber length |
| Afterload Increased By... | increased total peripheral resistance or blood pressure increased ventricular volume decreased ventricular wall thickness |
| Blood Pressure | = cardiac output X total peripheral resistance |
| Causes of Right-Sided Eccentric Cardiac Hypertrophy | tricuspid regurgitation left-to-right shunting pulmonic insufficiency |
| Causes of Left-Sided Eccentric Cardiac Hypertrophy | mitral regurgitation right-to-left shunting aortic insufficiency |
| Causes of Right-Sided Concentric Cardiac Hypertrophy | pulmonary hypertension heartworms pulmonic stenosis |
| Causes of Left-Sided Concentric Cardiac Hypertrophy | systemic hypertension subaortic stenosis idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hyperthyroidism |
| Distensibility or Lusotropy | ease of ventricular filling in diastole (ability to stretch) |
| Effects of Alpha-Receptor Stimulation (SNS) | arteriolar constriction --> increase blood pressure venoconstriction --> increase preload --> increase cardiac output |
| Effects of Beta-Receptor Stimulation (SNS) | myocardial inotropy and lusitropy increase heart rate and cardiac output (indirect) |
| Natriuretic Peptides | produced by heart to protect heart against deleterious effects of compensatory mechanisms increase in direct correlation to worsening heart failure dysfunction effects --> diuresis, natriuresis, peripheral vasodilation |
| S1 Heart Sound | closure of AV valves |
| S2 Heart Sound | closure of aortic/pulmonary valves |
| S3 Heart Sound | abnormal sound from lost ventricular distensibility (blood hitting ventricular wall) |
| S4 Heart Sound | abnormal sound from abnormally large atrium contracting |
| "Click" Heart Sound | diseased valve |
| Split Heart Sound | aortic and pulmonic valves get barely out of sync |
| Route of Cardiac Conduction Signal | SA node --> bundle of Hiss --> AV node --> right & left bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers |
| Bipolar Lead I | right cranial (-) to left cranial (+) |
| Bipolar Lead II | right cranial (-) to left caudal (+) |
| Bipolar Lead III | left cranial (-) to left caudal (+) |
| P Wave | atrial depolarization |
| R Wave | ventricular depolarization |
| QRS Complex | ventricular size |
| P-R Interval | time of signal to cross AV node |
| T Wave | ventricular repolarization |
| Enlarged Right Atrium | tall, peaked P wave ('P pulmonale') |
| Enlarged Left Atrium | wide P wave ('P mitrale') |
| Enlarged Left Ventricle | increased R wave amplitude prolonged QRS duration |
| Enlarged Right Ventricle | deep S wave shift in MEA deep Q wave |
| Pericardial Effusion ECG | alternating amplitudes of R waves |
| Ventricular Bigeminy on ECG | normal and ventricular premature beats alternate |
| First Degree Atrioventricular Block on ECG | prolonged P-R interval NO decrease in heart rate or arrythmia |
| Second Degree Atrioventricular Block on ECG | dropped beats (not every P followed by a QRS) |
| Third Degree Atrioventricular Block on ECG | P and QRS waves completely independent (NO conduction b/w sinus node and ventricles) |
| Radio-opacities | air > fat > water > bone > metal |
| Innocent Heart Murmur | benign heart murmur in normal puppies and kittens grade 1-2/6 systolic left heart base should resolve by 6mos of age |
| Most Common Congenital Heart Dz | Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| PDA Murmur | continuous ('washing machine') PMI: left heart base |
| PDA ECG | tall R waves (left ventricle enlargement) tall P waves (left atrial enlargement) |
| Aortic Stenosis Murmur | systolic ejection PMI: left heart base with radiation to right thoracic inlet |
| Pulmonic Stenosis Murmur | systolic ejection PMI: left heart base with radiation towards neck |
| Most Common Congenital Cardiac Defect in Cats | mitral and tricuspid dysplasia |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | pulmonic stenosis overriding aorta ventricular septal defect hypertrophy of right ventricle |
| Most Common Type of Pericardial Dz | pericardial effusion |
| Pericardial Effusion ECG | tachycardia dampened QRS amplitude electrical alternans |
| Most Common Type of Pericardial Effusion in Dog | hemorrhagic (usually neoplastic) |
| Cause of Pericardial Effusion in Cats | secondary to cardiomyopathy or FIP |
| Most Common Neoplastic Cause of Pericardial Effusion | cardiac hemangiosarcoma |
| Most Common Heart Dz in Dogs | degenerative mitral valvular dz, myxomatous degeneration |
| Degenerative Mitral Valvular Dz Murmur | left apical murmur near mitral valve radiates to right hemithorax with thrill over left apex |
| DDx for Degenerative Mitral Valvular Dz | left mainstem bronchial compression from microvascular dz left-sided heart failure from microvascular dz small airway dz (bronchitis) tracheal dz |
| Only Noninvasive Tool Which Gives Definitie Dx of Left-sided Heart Failure | radiographs - dorsal elevation of distal trachea - elevation/compression of L-MSB - straightening of caudal border of heart - "bowlegged cowboy" sign |
| Common Causative Agents of Infectious Endocarditis | staph spp. strep spp. e. coli bartonella spp. |
| Primary Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Murmur in Cats | systolic grade 2-3/6 sternal or mitral region S3 arrythmia |
| XDx of Primary HCM | VD: "valentine-shape" heart |
| Primary Dilated Cardiomyopathy Murmur in Dogs | atrial fibrillation pulse deficits systolic grade 1-3/6 over AV valves |
| Virchow's Triad or Predisposing Factors for Thrombus Formation | vessel injury hypercoagulability blood stasis |
| Canine Arrythmogenic Cardiomyopathy | recurrent or persistent arrythmia with normal left ventricular ejection fraction --> classic DCM |
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