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VetMed SAMS2
SAMS Final - Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scalpel Handle | Bard-Parker (#3) |
| Scissors | General operating - synthetic material Mayo dissecting - blunt/blunt; fascial planes Metzenbaum dissecting - blunt/blunt; delicate tissue |
| Forceps | DeBakey Adson (rat-tooth) Brown Adson |
| Non-Crushing Forceps (2) | Allis tissue forceps Doyen intestinal forceps |
| Crushing Forceps (4) | Halsted mosquito hemostatic forceps Kelly & Crile hemostatic forceps Rochester-Carmalt hemostatic forceps |
| Needle Holders (2) | Mayo-Hegar Olsen-Hegar (combo needle holders and scissors) |
| Manual Retractors (4) | Senn Army Navy Meyerding Ribbon malleable |
| Self-retaining Retractors (4) | Gelpi - soft tissue Weitlaner - superficial soft tissue Balfour - abdomen Finochietto - thorax |
| Suction Tips (3) | Frazier - decompression hole Poole - multiple openings at tip Yankauer - for large volumes |
| OHE Hook | Snook and Covault |
| Towel Clamps (2) | Backhaus - penetrating Lorna - non-penetrating |
| Sterilization | complete elimination of microbial viability |
| Disinfection | destruction of most microorganisms on a surface |
| Antisepsis | prevent growth/action of microbes on living tissue |
| Nosocomial | infection acquired during hospitalization |
| Everting Suture Patterns (4) | vertical mattress far-far-near-near near-far-far-near horizontal mattress quilled |
| Inverting Suture Patterns (3) | Lembert Cushing Connell |
| Grading Neoplasia | a measure of differentiation of the tumor determined by pathologist with biopsy/histopath |
| Staging Neoplasia | a measure of spread of disease throughout body determined by clinician |
| Risk of Testicular Neoplasia if Cryptorchid | 13.6 times greater |
| Reproductive Neoplasias are... | 80% dependent on hormones |
| Appropriate Size of Canine Kidney | 2.5-3.5 X 2.0 times the 2nd lumbar vertebra |
| Appropriate Size of Feline Kidney | 2.0-3.0 times the 2nd lumbar vertebra X 3.0-3.5cm |
| Side Effects of Chemotherapy | Bone marrow suppression Alopecia GI upset |
| Sympathetic Innervation of Bladder | hypogastric nerve (L1-L4) |
| Parasympathetic Innervation of Bladder | pelvic nerve (S1-S3) |
| Somatic Innervation of Bladder | pudendal nerve (L7-S3) |
| Bladder/Urethral Calculus Type that will NOT Medically Dissolve | calcium oxalate |
| Level of Hypoalbuminemia that Displays C/S | 1.4-1.6 g/dl |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | hypoalbuminemia proteinuria hypercholesterolemia edema &/or ascites |
| Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratio | <0.5 = normal >1.0 = abnormal |
| Rx for Reduction of Proteinuria in Glomerular Dz | ACE inhibitors |
| Dx of Fanconi Syndrome | glucosuria with normal blood glucose alkaline urine with metabolic acidoses |
| Most Common Cause of Dysuria, Pollakiuria, & Hematuria in Dogs and Cats | cystitis (bacterial in dog; sterile in cat) |
| Most Common Causes of Bacterial Cystitis in Dog | G (-): E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella G (+): Staph, Strep |
| Natural Defense Mechanisms of Bladder Against Infection | anatomic barriers mechanical flushing normal flora high osmolality extremes of pH immunologic mechanisms |
| Most Common Type of Cystitis in Cats | sterile recurrent idiopathic cystitis |
| Most Common Cystic Urinary Neoplasm in Dog and Cat | transitional cell carcinoma |
| Enuresis | involuntary incontinence that is seen at nighttime |
| Nocturia | voluntary (inappropriate) urination at night |
| Causes of Urethral Sphincter Impairment Incontinence | primary urethral sphincter incompetence hormone-responsive incontinence (spay) ectopic ureteres |
| C/S of Urethral Sphincter Impairment | relatively small bladder normal residual volume normal micturition phase very easy to express manually |
| Causes of Overflow Incontinence | urethral obstruction detrusor atony |
| Causes of Urge Incontinence | cystitis, urethritis bladder stones bladder tumors |
| C/S of Overflow Incontinence | large bladder hard to manually express large residual volume |
| C/S of Urge Incontinence | pollakiuria stranguria dysuria very small bladder bladder can appear painful palpation can trigger urination |
| Normal Amount of Daily Urine Production | 50 ml/kg/day |
| Normal Amount of Daily Fluid Ingestion | 100 ml/kg/day |
| Clinical Oliguria | <10-12 ml/kg/day (0.5 ml/kg/hr) |
| Clinical Isosthenuria | 300 mOsm/kg or SpGr of 1.007-1.015 |
| Clinical Hyposthenuria | SpGr <1.007 |
| Clinical Hypersthenuria | SpGr >1.015 |
| Causes of Prerenal Azotemia | hypovolemia hypotension dehydration poor cardiac output |
| Causes of Renal Azotemia | morphological or functional glomerular lesions |
| Causes of Postrenal Azotemia | urinary tract obstruction urinary tract rupture |
| Most Common Cause of Acute Renal Failure in Dogs and Cats | nephrotoxicity |
| Most Common Cause of PU/PD in Dogs and Cats | renal failure |
| CRF vs. ARF | chronic PU/PD small kidneys nonregenerative anemia bone demineralisation milder metabolic derangements |
| Metabolic Derangements of ARF | hyperphosphatemia hyperkalemia metabolic acidosis |
| Intestinal Phosphate Binders | cimetidine calcitrol |
| % of Body Weight as Plasma | 5% |
| Calculate Fluid Deficit | = % dehydration X body weight (kg) |
| Calculate Daily Maintenance Volume | = 1.5 X 70 X [body weight (kg)]^0.75 |
| Max Safe Level of Potassium Supplementation | 0.5 mEq/kg/hr (20mEq/24hrs) |
| Protocol for RxTx of UTI | 1st UTI: 3 weeks Recurrent UTI / 1st Prostatisis: 6-8 weeks Pyelonephritis: 8 weeks |
| Most Common Causes of Cystitis, Pyelonephritis, Prostatitis | E. coli Staph spp. |
| Only Antifungal Rx that Enters Urine | fluconazole |
| Most Common Cause of Rx-induced Nephrotoxicity | aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin) |
| Urine Acidifiers | ascorbic acid methionine ammonium chloride |
| Urine Alkalinizers | IV/PO NaH2CO3 PO K citrate |
| Most Common Urolith in Dogs | struvite |
| Most Common Urolith in Cats | calcium oxalate |
| Urolith Radioopacity (in order of decreasing radiodensity) | struvite / calcium phosphate > oxalate > cystine > xanthine > uric acid / urate |
| Most Common Nephrolith in Dogs and Cats | calcium oxalate |
| RxTx of Uric Acid/Urate Uroliths in Dalmations | allopurinol (may cause xanthine stones) |
| Most Common Urolith in Dalmations | urate |
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