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Pharmacology Drugs 4
Ocno (radiopharmaceuticals)-antiseptics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define radiopharmaceuticals | Radioactive compound used for diagnosis and/or therapy of diseases |
| T/F: radaiopharmaceuticals are used for pharmacological effects? | false; used in tracer quantities |
| what are the ideal biological characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals? | ideal half life (long enough to formulate RaPh and accomplish imaging study, but short enough to reduce overall radiation dose to the patient) readily available high target:non-target ratio |
| what are fission reactor products? | decay by Beta- emission; excess neutrons |
| what are cyclotron products? | decay by Beta+ or Electron Capture; excess protons |
| which imaging modalities are good for only atomic imaging? | Radiographs and CT |
| which imaging modality is good for atomic and functional imaging? | MRI |
| which imaging modlities are good for physiologic, metabolic and functional imaging? | PET, SPECT |
| what is the difference b/t atomic and physiologic imaging? | atomic- rays pass through whole body physiologic- rays emmited from body |
| what is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical? | Mo99/Tc99m |
| which radiopharmaceutical is used for thyroid imaging? | 99mTcO4 |
| what is another radiopharmaceutical used for thyroid imaging? | 123I- |
| why would you choose to use 99mTcO4 over 123I-? | 99mTcO4 is cheaper and has a faster clearance rate than 123I- |
| 99mTc Sulfur Colloid is used in what type of scintigraphy? | Liver |
| How are liver tumors displayed with TcS scintigraphy? | photopenic void; so shows up as negative image |
| how do you differentiate b/t a tumor and cirrhosis of the liver when using scintigraphy? | send in a biopsy |
| what is the most widely used reducing agent in radiopharmaceuticals to reduce Tc? | SnCl2•2HCl |
| 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD are what type of imgaging agents? | brain |
| 99mTc-MAG3 is what type of imaging agent? | renal |
| what is the trade name for 99mTc-HMPAO | Cerutec |
| what is the trade name for 99mTc-ECD | Neurolite |
| 99mTc-DTPA measures what? | glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| 131I-OIH, replaced by 99mTc-MAG3, measures what? | Effective renal blood flow (ERBF) |
| 99mTc-DMSA measures/displays what? | renal morphology |
| why would you use renal scintigraphy rather than using a chem panel to determine renal problems? | Can quantify individual kidney function and can detect renal dysfunction before there is an increase in BUN |
| when an increase in BUN is detected in a chem panel, how much renal funciton is already lost? | >75% |
| how would you determine renal failure based on renal scintigraphy? | poor reanal uptake of 99Tc-DTPA prolonged blood pool activity |
| Why would you use a 99mTc-MAG3 scintigraphy over a 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy? | ERBF scan is more sensitive than a GFR scan. Also MAG3 has a higher clearance rate tahn DTPA |
| why would you do a scintigraphy for renal morphology? | Used to evaluate size, shape and location of kidneys Used to evaluate for acute pyelonephritis Used to determine the distribution of functional renal mass |
| how would you diagnose end stage kidney on renal scintigraphy? | 99mTc localized to cortex of kidney; medulla gone |
| what is the sign on scintigraphy of end stage kidney? | horseshoe shape in middle of kidney |
| 99mTc Phosphorous compounds are used for imaging what body part? | bones |
| what is 153Sm-EDTMP used for? | nuclide radiotherapy used to treat osteosarcomas |
| what is the trade name for 153Sm-EDTMP? | QuadraMet |
| what is the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical with PET scans? | fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) |
| FDG helps to locate tumors in which tissues? | brain, heart (metab glucose quickly) |
| what is an antiseptic? | Substance applied to living tissue that inhibits growth and development of microorganisms |
| what is a disinfectant? | Substance applied to inanimate objects to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms |
| which agent can serve as both an antiseptic and a mild disinfectant? | nolvasan |
| what is a germicide? | Substance used to destroy bacteria or other infective microorganisms |
| what is a cleanser? | Substance that aids in physical removal of foreign material; NOT A GERMICIDE |
| what is a sanitizer? | Substance that reduces the number of bacteria to levels considered safe according to public health interpretations |
| what is sterilization | Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life |
| the ideal antiseptic has a wide spectrum of effectiveness; however, would you rather it be cidal or static? | cidal |
| what factors determine the effectiveness of a cleaning agent? | concentration, time, pH, temperature, vehicle |
| what factors determine the effectiveness of a microorganism? | susceptibility, number, meduium, virulence |
| what factors determine whether or not a host will become infected and develop symptoms of a disease? | health, immune status |
| what are the modes of action of antimicrobials | adsorption into the mircoorganism diffusion into the microorganism altered permeability |
| how does adsorption of an antisepctic/disinfectant into the microorganism alter the microorganism's effectiveness | causes a layer of lethal substance |
| how does diffusion of an antiseptic/disinfectant into the microorganism alter the microorganism's effectiveness? | interferes with metabolism |
| what types of antiseptics and disinfectants are there? | physical chemical |
| what are some physical antiseptics and disinfectants? | heat light |
| what wavelength is require of UV light to kill mircooranisms? | 254-280nm |
| what types of microorganisms does UV light kill? | gram- bacteria and non-sporulating bacteria |
| what pH must an acidic chemical agent be to be bacteriostatic? bacteriocidal? | pH3-6= static pH<3= cidal |
| what type of acids penetrate cells and disrupt cell membranes, making the microorganism susceptible to the environment? | lipid-soluble weak acid |
| what are some inorganic acid used as antiseptics/disinfectants?? | HCl, Boric acid |
| what is boric acid paired with to be effective against yeast when used as an otic solution? | Zn |
| what are some organic acids used as antiseptics/disinfectants? | acetic acid, benzoic acid, "oticlens" |
| acetic acid can be used to treat?? | otitis |
| benzoic acid is used as?? | topical antiseptic |
| "oticlens" contains which acids? | salicylic, malic and benzoic |
| alkali solutions work best as disinfects as what pH? | pH>9 |
| when can an alkaline solution be used as an antiseptic? | when it's sulfurated lime |
| what is the most common form of anionic surfactants? | soap |
| what is a common general cationic surfactant? | quaternary ammonium compounds |
| what is a common specific cationic surfactant used in many veterinary clinics? | Roccal D plus |
| what are alcohols used as? | disinfectants |
| how do alcohols work? | Germicidal activity related to lipid solubility Denature soluble proteins Depress surface tension |
| how do the halogens (I, Cl) work? | Diffuses into bacterial cell and interferes with metabolic processes |
| T/F: Iodine is more active in its ionized form? | False, more active when coupled as an Iodophor |
| at what dilution can bleach be used as an antiseptic? | 0.5% sodium hypochlorite |
| how do phenols work? | work as protoplasmic poisons |
| which antiseptic is toxic upon topical application? | hexachloraphene |
| which antiseptic is found in suture material? | triclosan |
| which oxidizing agent has a very brief germicial action and has cleansing action? | H2O2 |
| what machine is used to sterilize medical tools that would otherwise melt in a steam autoclave? | Gas plasma sterilizer used with H2O2 |
| which antiseptic is scarlet red, used as a urinary antiseptic, but not for use in Small animals? | Azo dyes |
| which disinfectant/antispetic can be used for "cold sterilization" of medical equipment? | glutaraldehyde |
| which ether, also a phenol, is commonly used in soaps and suture material? | triclosan |
| what percent of chlorhexadine solution is used for wound lavage? | 0.05%; 1:40 ratio in sterile water |
| what is a waterless, scrubless antiseptic used to prep for surgery? | Chlorhexidine gluconate 1% in ethyl alcohol 61% |
| which antiseptic dressing is effective against MRSA? | Polyhexamethylene biguanide |
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