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ANA 113 Lecture 32
Digestive System lecture 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adominopelvic cavity | extends from the diaphragm to the boney pelvis |
| quandrants | upper right, lower right, upper left, lower left |
| regions | right/left hypochondriac region, epigastric region, right/left lumbar region, umbilical region, right/left iliac region, hypogastric region |
| peritonuem | serous membrane that lines theabdominopelvic cavity and supports and covers most of the organs located within this cavity |
| Parietal peritoneum | lines body cavity |
| Visceral peritoneum | covers organs (stuck on it) |
| Peritoneal cavity | space between th parietal and visceral peritoneum which contains a small amount of peritoneal fluid |
| Special Peritoneal membranes | (folds, double layers in regions of the GI tract) isolates and protects organs, supports organs and blood vessels, attaches organs to body wall, stores fat |
| Greater omentum | suspended from the inferior curvature of the stomach |
| lesser omentum | attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver (superior part of stomach) |
| Falciform ligament | tough (dura-like) attaches th liver to the inferior side of the diaphragm and the anterior of the body wall |
| Mesentery | attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall |
| Mesocolon | attaches the large intesine to the posterior abdominal wall |
| Retroperitoneal | "behind the peritoneum" only covered on the anterior side |
| Organs that are retropitoneal | pancreas, kidneys, portion of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum. may be serious because infection can readily spred throughout the peritoneal cavity |
| Location of the stomach | mostly in the upper left quadrant, between the esophagus and small intestine |
| Structure of the stomach | J-shaped, divided into 4 regions |
| 4 regions of the stomach | cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus |
| borders of the stomach | lesser cuvature (superior) and greater curvature (inferior) |
| What are the 3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach? | circular, longitudinal and oblique |
| Rugae | folds in the mucosal layer of the stomach, permits the stomachto distend (increases surface area for secretion and digestion) |
| Gastric glands | chief cells, parietal cells, mucous cells, enteroendocrine cells |
| Chief cells | (zygomatic cells) produce pepsinogen which is converted to active enzyme pepsin for protien digestion |
| Parietal cells | produces HCl which decreases the pH of the stomach contents, produces interinsic factor required for B12 absorption |
| Mucous cells | (goblet cells) secrete protective mucous |
| enteroendocrine cells | secrete hormones which influence digestive organs, example:gastrin -> increases GI activity |
| Pyloric sphincter | located between the stomach and duodenum, controls how much chme enters the small intestine |
| Chyme | a mix of food with water and enzymes in/leaving the stomach |
| Function of the stomach | mechanical mixing of food and production of chyme, intiates protein digestion, storage of chyme until it passes into the duodenum (only lets a small amount through at a time) minimal absorption some drugs and alcohol) |
| Small intestine | *major digestive/absorption organ, upper right to lower right quadrant, extends from the pyloriic spincter to th large intestine, occupies the central and lower portion of abdominal cavity, divided into 3 regions |
| What are the 3 regions of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Duodenum | C-shaped region of the small intestine, first 10 inches, retroperitoneal, contains duodenal papilla and Brunner's gland |
| Duodenal papilla | opening throuh which bile (from the common bile duct) and enzymes (from pancreas) enter the duodenum |
| Brunner's gland | secretes alkaline mucous |
| Jejunum | middle section of the small intestine, note the slightly larger lumen |
| ileum | 3rd region of the small intestine, contains Peyer's patches |
| Peyr's patches | clusters of lymphatic tissue |
| Function of small intestine | major site of chemical digestion, mechanical mixing, major site for absorption of nutrients, propels undigested nutriens and materials to large intestine |
| Nerve supply for small intestine | myenteric nerve plexes (parasympathetic) also vagus nerve |
| plicae circulares | deep folds in the mucosa of the small intetines |
| villi | small finger like projecions, increase surface area, contain a capillary network and a lacteal which transports nutrients |
| microvilli | microscopic processes on columnar cells, promote absorption |
| crypts of Lieberkuhn | intestinal glands, secrete enzymes |
| Large intestine | begins at ileum in the lower right quadrant, extends superiorly to the liver, passes left to spleen, descends on left to pelvis, terminates at anus |
| cecum | dilated pouch at junction of small and large intestine, lower right quadrant |
| ileocecal valve | guards opening to cecum |
| ascending colon | located on the right side |
| transverse colon | passes from right to left |
| descending colon | left side |
| sigmoid colon | S-shaped, from left side to center of the body |
| rectum | located on midline, leads to the anus |
| anus | external opening |
| What type of muscle is the internal and exernal anal sphincters? | internal:smooth, external:skeletal |
| Hepatic/Right colic flexture | (near liver) at junction of ascending and transverse colon |
| Splenic/Left colic flexture | at junction of transverse and descending colon |
| taeniae coli | 3 distinct bands of smooth muscle |
| Haustra | sac-like regions in the large intestine |
| Epiploic Appendages | fat-filled pouches in the large intestine |
| Function of the large intestine | Completes absorption of water, manufactures vitamins (A,D,E,K :all fat soluble), conatins natural flora (bacteria), formation, storage and expulsion of feces |
| Where is the appendix located? | lower right quadrant, usually retro-cecal (behind the cecum) |
| Structure of the Appendix | about the size of a pinky, maybe a bit smaller (finger-like profection about 2-3 inches long), blind pouch, contains lyphatic tissue |
| Which muscles create movement of food along the GI tract? | longitudinal and circular |
| Peristalsis | series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food aong the GI tract |
| Segmentation | Contractions in small intestine that moves the food in both directions for better mixing with the secretions in the intestine |
| Mass peristalis | reflex in the large intestine, initated by the presence of food in the stomach. drives the contents of the colon into the retum |
| Defecation | emptying of the contents of the rectum. contraction of the longitudinal muscles and relaxtion of the anal sphincters (circular muscle) |
Created by:
Kachmiel
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