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VetMed Equine Final
Equine M&S I Final - Cumulative
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Valgus | lateral deviation of the distal limb |
| Varus | medial deviation of the distal limb |
| Sole pain at toe with hoof testers | toe bruise or laminitis |
| Frog pain with hoof testers | navicular disease |
| Heel pain with hoof testers | corn, heel abscess, quarter crack |
| After Flexion Test, is lame for first few steps | Degenerative Joint Disease or Synovitis |
| Palmar Digital Nerve Block Effect | caudal 1/3 foot sole digital cushion navicular bone and bursa +/- palmar coffin and pastern joints |
| Pastern Ring Block Effect | entire foot pastern |
| Abaxial Sesamoid Nerve Block Effect | distal sesamoids entire foot, pastern joint, coffin joint |
| Low Volar Nerve Block Effect | pastern palmar fetlock |
| Low Volar Ring Block (low 4-point) Effect | fetlock and below |
| High Volar Nerve Block (high 2-point) Effect | distal suspensory flexor tendons and below NOT dorsal MC (MT) 3 |
| High Volar Ring Block | leg below carpus |
| Local Nerve Blocks Contraindicated | fracture suspected |
| Palmar Digital Nerve Block Location | each side of DDF tendon, just proximal to collateral cartilages |
| Dorsal Branches of Palmar Digital Nerve Block Effect | dorsal foot and pastern w/o fetlock alternative to abaxial sesamoid block |
| Abaxial Sesamoid Nerve Block Location | palmar digital nerve over abaxial proximal sesamoid bones |
| Low Volar Nerve Block Location | medial & lateral palmar n b/w suspensory ligament & flexor tendon medial & lateral palmar metacarpal n from beneath buttons of MCII & MCIV |
| High Volar Nerve Block Location | lateral: accessoriometacarpal ligament medial: near medial aspect of flexor tendons, distal to carpus |
| Median Nerve Block (Manus Block 1) Location | 5cm distal to elbow, slightly below transverse pectoral mm, deep to antebrachial fascia redirect needle 3 times in triangular shape |
| Median Nerve Block (Manus Block 1) Effect | medial side of antebrachium and below |
| Medial Cutaneous Antebrachial Nerve Block Location | lacertus fibrosis on dorsomedial forearm |
| Medial Cutaneous Antebrachial Nerve Block Effect | blocks medial to lateral cutaneous antebrachium and below |
| Ulnar Nerve Block Location | 4" above accessory carpal bone b/w ulnaris lateralis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles |
| Ulnar Nerve Block Effect | lateral and palmar antebrachium and below |
| Five Coriums of Hoof | perioplic corium coronary corium solar corium corium of the frog laminar corium |
| Enthesiophyte | proliferative bone at attachment of tendon to bone |
| Osteophyte | periarticular bone proliferation |
| Indications for Navicular Bursa Injection with Navicular Syndrome | bursitis NB damage DDFT injury CSL injury IL injury |
| Indications for DIPJ Injection with Navicular Syndrome | CSL injury IL injury NB damage DIPJ damage |
| Contraindication for Palmar Digital Neurectomy | NB flexor cortex defect |
| Indications for Bursoscopy | flexor cortex defects on rads or MRI dorsal DDFT lesions on MRI |
| Communicating Joint Spaces of Stifle | femoropatellar pouch & medial femorotibial pouch |
| Communicating Joint Spaces of Tarsus | tibiotarsal joint & proximal intertarsal joint |
| Bone Spavin | two distal tarsal joints fuse and form periarticular osteophytes 3rd to central tarsal bone |
| Bog Spavin | effusion on dorsomedial side of tibiotarsal joint |
| Curb | inflammation/rupture of plantar ligament |
| Thoroughpin | inflammation/effusion in tarsal sheath |
| Predilection Sites for OCD | lateral trochlear ridge of tibiotarsal bone lateral trochlear ridge of distal femur distal intermediate ridge of distal tibia humeral head |
| Predilection Sites for Subchondral Bone Cysts | medial femoral condyle distal humeral condyle proximal radius distal MC3 distal P1 |
| "Windswept" | valgus in one limb, varus in the other limb |
| Two Most Common Angular Limb Deformities | carpal valgus (distal radius physis) fetlock varus (distal physis of cannon bone) |
| When Does the Physis of the Distal Radius Close? | 24-30mos |
| When Does the Physis of MC3/MT3 Close? | 9-12mos |
| Blepharospasm | squinting |
| Epiphora | tearing |
| Mydriasis | excessive pupil dilation |
| Miosis | excessive pupil restriction |
| CN of Menace Response | CN II CN VII |
| CN of Pupillary Light Reflex | CN II CN III |
| CN of Dazzle Reflex | CN II CN VII |
| CN of Palpebral Reflex | CN V CN VII |
| CN of Corneal Reflex | CN V CN VII |
| CN of Position of Globe | CN III CN IV CN VI CN VIII |
| Dacryocystitis | inflammation of lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct |
| Auriculopalpebral Innervations | motor to upper lid (orbicularis oculi mm) |
| Supraorbital Innervations | sensory to medial 2/3 of upper lid |
| Causes of Keratitis | bacterial - staph, strep, pseudomonas fungal - aspergillus, fusarium |
| Most Common Cause of Dermal Hypersensitivity | culicoides |
| Non-healing Wound with Yellow Plaquish Granules | habronemiasis |
| Entropion | inward rolling of eyelid margin |
| Most Common Ocular Neoplasia in Equine and Bovine | squamous cell carcinoma |
| What Drugs are Contraindicated in the Treatment of Glaucoma? | NSAIDs (COX-2 inhibitor) atropine |
| Differential Diagnoses for Muscle Disease | electrolyte imbalances pleuritis colic chronic disease poor performance lameness |
| Muscles Affected with Equine Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis | gluteal mm semimembranosus/semitendinosus biceps femoris |
| CK | peaks: 4-6 hr half-life: 2 hr |
| AST | peaks: 12-24 hr half-life: 8 hr |
| Pathophysiology of RER of THB | altered muscle cell calcium regulation causing muscle to contract well but relax poorly |
| Diagnosis of RER of THB | in vitro caffeine or halothane contracture of intercostal muscles increased central nuclei glycogen levels NORMAL |
| Pathophysiology of PSSM | enhanced insulin sensitivity leads to accumulation of glycogen with inadequate branching |
| Diagnosis of PSSM | muscle biopsy of semimembranosus mm |
| PSSM of Draft Breeds | progressive muscle weakness/wasting |
| Pathophysiology of Pasture Myopathy | myonecrosis with lipid accumulation in myocardium |
| Diagnosis of Pasture Myopathy | weakness W/O firm muscles |
| Rx for RER of THB | dantrolene (decreases calcium release from sarcolemma) |
| Composition of Equine Sweat Relative to Plasma | low calcium, low phosphorus high sodium, high potassium, high chloride, high water |
| Definitive Diagnosis of Clostridial Myonecrosis | fine needle aspirate with large gram (+) rods |
| Three Forms of Streptococcal Myositis | acute rhabdomyolysis infarctive purpura hemorrhagica immune-mediated myositis |
| Type III Hypersensitivity of IgA/IgM:Strep M complexes with almost 100% mortality | infarctive purpura hemorrhagica |
| Diagnosis of Acute Rhabdomyolysis of Strep Myositis | increased mm enzymes decreased M protein titers increased myosin binding protein titers |
| Diagnosis of Infarctive Purpura Hemorrhagica | floculent to firm pockets of serosanguinous fluid over major mm (semim/tend, gluteals, sublumbar) |
| Disease of Severe Muscle Wasting over Dorsum | immune-mediated myositis |
| Electrolyte Imbalances of Nutritional Myodegeneration | hyperkalemia hyperphosphatemia hyponatremia hypochloremia |
| Most Common Equine Skin Neoplasia | equine sarcoid |
| Six Classifications of Equine Sarcoid | occult verrucose nodular fibroblastic mixed sarcoid malignant |
| Second Most Common Equine Skin Neoplasia | squamous cell carcinoma |
| Third Most Common Equine Skin Neoplasia | melanoma |
| Most Common Sites for SCC | nonpigmented skin mucocutaneous junction eyelids, conjunctiva cornea mouth |
| Most Common Sites for Melanoma | perineum penile skin commissure of lips vulva eyelid |
| Splinting Fractures of Phalanges and Distal Metacarpus | splint on dorsal aspect |
| Splinting Fractures of Mid-forelimb | splint on caudal and lateral aspects from ground to elbow |
| Splinting Fractures of Middle and Proximal Radius | splint on lateral aspect from ground to axilla |
| Splinting Fractures Proximal to Elbow | splint on caudal aspect from ground to olecranon |
| Splinting Fractures of DIstal Hind Limb | splint on caudal and plantar aspects from ground to tarsus |
| Splinting Fractures of Middle and Proximal Metatarsus | splint on caudal and lateral aspects from ground to calcaneal tuber |
| Splinting Fractures of Tibia and Tarsus | splint on lateral aspect from ground to stifle |
| Rx for Burn Shock | flunixin: analgesia pentoxyfylline: increase blood flow through capillaries DMSO: decrease inflammation; decrease pulmonary edema |
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