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VetMed Pharmacology3
Vet Med Pharmacology - Distribution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distribution | the extent or degree a pharmaceutical exits the IV compartment by passive diffusion into the EV (e.g. interstitial) fluid compartments and cell populations |
| Extracellular Fluid Compartments | GI tract lumen central IV compartment CSF compartment pleural fluid compartment peritoneal fluid compartment |
| Biological Variables Influencing Distribution | plasma protein concentration and type pH differential vascular permeability vascular perfusion/capillary density fluid compartment volume special anatomical barriers (BBB) age and species (neonate/adult, aquatic/mammalian) |
| Anatomical Barriers to Pharm Distribution | blood/milk blood/aqueous humor blood/placenta blood/GI blood/saliva blood/brain |
| Biological Variables Influencing Distribution Following Diffusion | tissue/organ system mass/volume body fluid compartment volume pH differentials membrane composition and structure tissues/organ systems with innate tendencies for pharm accumulation/binding affinity (proteins, bone, DNA) |
| Pharmaceutical Variables Influencing Distribution Following Diffusion | route of administration dose pKa relative binding-avidity for plasma proteins molecular size/mass |
| Partition Coefficient | measures the percent amount of a pharm that exists in a lipid-soluble form compared to the percent amount that exists in an aqueous soluble form at a given pH |
| pH of IV Compartment | ~7.4 |
| Ion Trapping or Ion Partitioning | the concentration of a weak-acid or weak-base pharm is always greatest on the side of the membrane where the amount of the ionized form is greatest (A- or BH+) |
| pH Partitioning | the potential of a weak-acid or weak-base to accumulate on one side of a membrane due to pH differences between the two environments |
| Pharmaceutical Depots | the irreversible distribution of a pharm into a tissue, organ system, fluid compartment or other anatomical site |
| Pharmaceutical Reservoirs | the reversible distribution of a pharm into a tissue, organ system or fluid compartment in a manner that eventually allows pharm re-distribution back into the IV |
| Pharm Reservoir Examples | tissue/organ interstitial space cerebrospinal fluid peritoneal space gastrointestinal lumen pleural space |
| Intracellular Organelles as Pharm Reservoirs or Depots | nucleus golgi apparatus mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm |
| Pharm Equilibrium | an average pharm plasma concentration is maintained |
| Redistribution | a time-dependent shift in the concentration partition of a compound |
| Volume of Distribution | estimate the extent that a pharm penetrates into extravascular tissues/organ systems and body fluid compartments (very little correlation with reality) |
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