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CBC Important Terms
Definitions of important terms used in CBC testing
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acanthocyte | An erythrocyte with spiny projections of varying lengths distributed irregularly over its surface |
| Anisocytosis | A variation in the size of RBCs, and it may indicate the presence of macrocytes (i.e., large cells), microcytes (i.e., small cells), or both. Anisocytosis is a common finding in normal bovine blood. |
| Basophilic Stippling | Erythrocytes that are characterized by small, blue-staining granules; this represents the presence of residual RNA. |
| Erythrocyte | A red blood cell. |
| Heinz Body | Round structures of erythrocytes that represent denatured hemoglobin and that appear as a pale area when stained with Wright's stain. |
| Howell-Jolly Body | Basophilic inclusions of young erythrocytes that represent nuclear remnants. |
| Hyperchromatophilic | A term that refers to a cell that appears darker than normal on a peripheral blood sample. |
| Hypochromasia | A decreased staining intensity that is caused by an insufficient amount of hemoglobin within the cell. The cell will normally appear more darkly stained along the periphery, and this gradually tapers to a much paler central region. |
| Microcytosis | A cell that appears much smaller than normal. |
| Nucleated Erythrocyte/RBC | An immature red blood cell that still contains a nucleus. |
| Poikilocytosis | Any abnormal cell shape. |
| Rouleaux | An arrangement of erythrocytes that appears as a column or stack. |
| Rubricyte | An erythrocyte developmental stage. Rubricytes initially have basophilic cytoplasm and moderate clumping of the nucleus. As it matures the incorporation of hemoglobin causes the cell to have marked nuclear clumping and pink cytoplasm. |
| Schistocyte | RBC fragments. Usually formed as a result of the shearing of the RBC via intravascular trauma. |
| Spherocyte | An intensely stained erythrocyte that has reduced or no central pallor. |
| Stomatocyte | An erythrocyte with a linear area of central pallor. |
| Target Cell | A leptocyte with a peripheral ring of cytoplasm surrounded by a clear area and a dense, central, rounded area of pigment. |
| Agranulocytes | The white blood cell group that has no visible cytoplasmic granules - lymphocytes and monocytes. |
| Atypical Lymphocytes | A general term used to describe a lymphocyte with morphologic abnormalities, including azurophilic granules, increased cytoplasmic basophilia, overly abundant cytoplasm, or a larger and more convoluted nucleus than seen in normal lymphocytes. |
| Band Neutrophil | Neutrophils with nuclei that are horseshoe-shaped with large round ends. |
| Basophil | A granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, relatively pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes and with cytoplasm that contains coarse bluish-black granules of variable size |
| Dӧhle Body | Small, gray-blue areas that represent ribosomes and that are seen in the cytoplasm of some immature and toxic granulocytes. |
| Eosinophil | A granulocyte with granules that have an affinity for the acidic components of stains. |
| Granulocytes | These include the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
| Hypersegmented | A term that refers to a neutrophil with more than five nuclear lobes. |
| Leukocyte | A white blood cell. |
| Lymphocyte | A leukocyte that is involved in the inflammatory process and that also has roles in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. |
| Monocyte | A precursor cell representing a stage in the development of the tissue macrophage; after a monocyte leaves the bloodstream and enters tissue at a site of inflammation, it becomes an activated macrophage. |
| Neutrophil | A leukocyte that functions to phagocytize infectious agents and cellular debris; plays a major role in the inflammatory process. |
| Reactive Lymphocyte | Also called immunocytes. They have increased basophilia in the cytoplasm, may have more abundant cytoplasm, and sometimes have larger more convoluted nuclei. These changes are usually caused by antigenic stimulation secondary to vaccination/infection. |
| Segmented Leukocyte | A WBC with indentations in the nucleus that make up more than one-third of the nucleus' width. |
| Toxic Granulation | A type of toxic change (disease-induced cytoplasmic changes in neutrophils) that presents as intensely stained primary granules. |
| Platelet | Irregular, disc-shaped fragments of megakaryocytes in the blood that assist with blood clotting. |
| Thrombocyte | Platelets; cytoplasmic fragments of bone marrow megakaryocytes. |
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