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CVA EXAM STUDY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SOAP: Subjective | Client observations |
| SOAP: Objective | Measurable data (TPR, weight) |
| SOAP: Assessment | Vet’s diagnosis or problem list |
| SOAP: Plan | Treatment, tests, medications |
| Dog normal temp | 100–102.5°F |
| Dog normal HR | 60–160 bpm |
| Dog normal RR | 10–30 breaths/min |
| Cat normal temp | 100–102.5°F |
| Cat normal HR | 140–220 bpm |
| Cat normal RR | 20–30 breaths/min |
| Dog restraint | Control head first; use minimal force needed |
| Cat restraint | Use towel wraps; avoid over‑handling |
| Fear signs | Tail tucked, ears back, trembling |
| Aggression signs | Growling, stiff body, direct stare |
| SQ injection | Under the skin |
| IM injection | Into the muscle |
| IV injection | Into the vein |
| PO medication | By mouth |
| IN injection | Intranasal; no injection site |
| IO injection | into the bone |
| Normal neonatal temp | 95–99°F (first week) |
| Normal neonatal HR | 200–250 |
| Neonatal period | Birth to 2 weeks of age |
| Colostrum | First milk containing antibodies needed for immunity |
| Hypothermia in neonates | Body temp below normal; can be fatal quickly |
| Core vaccines | Vaccines recommended for all dogs regardless of lifestyle |
| Non-core vaccines | Given based on risk, lifestyle, and location |
| DA2PP | Core vaccine; protects against Distemper, Adenovirus-2, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza |
| Distemper | Viral disease causing respiratory, GI, and neurological signs |
| Adenovirus-2 | Protects against hepatitis and respiratory disease |
| Parainfluenza | Respiratory virus; part of kennel cough complex |
| Parvovirus | Highly contagious GI virus; causes vomiting and bloody diarrhea |
| Rabies | Core vaccine; fatal viral disease; required by law; zoonotic |
| Bordetella | Non-core; protects against kennel cough; required for grooming/boarding |
| Leptospirosis | Non-core; bacterial; zoonotic; affects kidneys and liver |
| Lyme vaccine | Non-core; protects against tick-borne Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Canine Influenza (CIV) | Non-core; protects against H3N2/H3N8 strains |
| DA2PP vaccine site | Right front leg (SQ) |
| Rabies vaccine site | Right hind leg (SQ) |
| Leptospirosis vaccine site | Left front leg (SQ) |
| Bordetella (SQ) site | Left front leg (SQ) |
| Bordetella (IN) | Given intranasally; no injection site |
| Lyme vaccine site | Left hind leg (SQ) |
| CIV vaccine site | Typically left front or left hind leg (SQ) |
| Puppy vaccine schedule | Starts at 6–8 weeks; boosters every 3–4 weeks until 16 weeks |
| Adult booster schedule | 1 year after puppy series, then every 1–3 years depending on vaccine |
| Vaccine reaction signs | Swelling, vomiting, hives, difficulty breathing |
| Anaphylaxis | Severe allergic reaction; requires immediate veterinary care |
| FVRCP | Core vaccine; protects against Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, Panleukopenia |
| Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR) | Caused by herpesvirus; respiratory infection |
| Calicivirus | Respiratory virus; causes oral ulcers and sneezing |
| Panleukopenia | Highly contagious; causes vomiting, diarrhea, low WBC count |
| Rabies (cats) | Core vaccine; fatal viral disease; required by law; zoonotic |
| FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus) | Non-core; recommended for kittens and outdoor cats; contagious through saliva |
| Kitten vaccine schedule | Starts at 6–8 weeks; boosters every 3–4 weeks until 16 weeks |
| Adult booster schedule | 1 year after kitten series, then every 1–3 years depending on vaccine |
| Vaccine reaction signs | Swelling, vomiting, hives, lethargy |
| Anaphylaxis | Severe allergic reaction; requires immediate veterinary care |
| Vaccine-associated sarcoma s | Rare tumor at injection site; why vaccines are given in limb |
| Why right front leg for FVRCP | Easier to monitor and remove if sarcoma occurs |
| Why right hind leg for Rabies | Standardized location for safety and tracking |
| Why left hind leg for FeLV | Standardized location; reduces confusion with other vaccines |
| Anatomy | Study of body structure |
| Physiology | Study of how the body functions |
| Homeostasis | Body maintaining internal balance |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells performing a function |
| Organ | Structure made of tissues performing a specific job |
| Organ system | Group of organs working together |
| Dorsal | Toward the back |
| Ventral | Toward the belly |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Medial | Toward the midline |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of origin (point of attachment) |
| Distal | Farther from the point of origin |
| Superficial | Near the surface |
| Deep | Far from the surface |
| Sagittal plane | Divides body into left and right halves |
| Transverse plane | Divides body into front and back halves |
| Dorsal plane | Divides body into top and bottom halves |
| Skeletal system | Provides support and protection |
| Long bone | Bone longer than it is wide (femur, humerus) |
| short bone | Cube-shaped bone that provides support with limited movement (e.g., carpal, tarsal bones) |
| irregular bone | Bone with complex shape that doesn’t fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis) |
| pneumatic boine | Bone that contains air-filled spaces or sinuses (e.g., some skull bones) |
| Flat bone | Thin, flattened bone that protects organs and provides muscle attachment (e.g., skull, ribs, scapula) |
| Joint | Where two bones meet |
| Ligament | Connects bone to bone |
| Tendon | Connects muscle to bone |
| Muscular system | Allows movement and posture |
| Cardiac muscle | Heart muscle; involuntary |
| Smooth muscle | Organ muscle; involuntary |
| Skeletal muscle | Attached to bones; voluntary |
| Respiratory system | Gas exchange; oxygen in, CO2 out |
| Diaphragm | Muscle used for breathing |
| Lungs | Main organs of respiration |
| Trachea | Windpipe |
| Circulatory system | Moves blood and nutrients |
| Heart | Pumps blood |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from heart |
| Veins | Carry blood to heart |
| Capillaries | Tiny blood vessels for exchange |
| Digestive system | Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients |
| Stomach | Begins digestion |
| Small intestine | Absorbs nutrients |
| Large intestine | Absorbs water |
| Liver | Organ of the digestive system that processes nutrients, detoxifies blood, and produces bile |
| Gallbladder | Organ of the digestive system that stores and concentrates bile from the liver |
| Digestive system | Body system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients |
| Urinary system | Removes waste and maintains fluid balance |
| Kidneys | Filter blood and produce urine |
| Bladder | Stores urine |
| Nervous system | Controls body functions and responses |
| Brain | Control center |
| Spinal cord | Pathway for nerve signals |
| Peripheral nerves | Carry signals throughout body |
| Endocrine system | Produces hormones |
| Hormone | Chemical messenger |
| Integumentary system | Skin, hair, nails; protects body |
| Epidermis | Outer skin layer |
| Dermis | Inner skin layer |
| Canine calming signals | Behaviors dogs use to avoid conflict (licking lips, yawning, turning head) |
| Canine fear signals | Tail tucked, ears back, crouched body, trembling |
| Canine aggression signals | Growling, stiff body, raised hackles, direct stare |
| Play bow | Dog inviting play; front end lowered, rear up |
| Whale eye | Whites of eyes showing; indicates fear or stress |
| Tail wagging (fast, low) | Nervous or unsure |
| Tail wagging (wide, loose) | Friendly and relaxed |
| Ears forward (dog) | Alert or curious |
| Ears pinned back (dog) | Fearful or submissive |
| Feline fear signals | Arched back, puffed tail, hissing |
| Feline aggression signals | Ears flat, tail lashing, dilated pupils |
| Feline content signals | Slow blink, kneading, relaxed posture |
| Feline overstimulation | Tail flicking, skin twitching, sudden biting |
| Piloerection | Hair standing up; fear or aggression |
| Tail straight up (cat) | Friendly greeting |
| Tail low/tucked (cat) | Fear or anxiety |
| Ears forward (cat) | Curious or playful |
| Ears sideways (airplane ears) | Uncomfortable or unsure |
| Fight or flight response | Body’s reaction to stress or danger |
| Threshold | Point at which an animal reacts to a stimulus |
| Positive reinforcement | Rewarding desired behavior to increase it |
| Negative reinforcement | Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior |
| Desensitization | Gradual exposure to reduce fear |
| Counterconditioning | Changing an emotional response using positive experiences |
| Fomite | Object that carries disease (leash, bowl, clothing) |
| Vector | Living organism that transmits disease (tick, mosquito) |
| Direct transmission | Physical contact between animals |
| Indirect transmission | Contact through contaminated objects or surfaces |
| Disinfectant | Chemical that kills pathogens on surfaces |
| Sanitizer | Reduces number of microorganisms but may not kill all |
| Sterilization | Complete elimination of all microorganisms |
| Contact time | Amount of time disinfectant must stay wet to work |
| Quaternary ammonium (quats) | Common disinfectant used in clinics |
| Bleach dilution | 1:32 ratio commonly used for disinfecting |
| Accelerated hydrogen peroxide | Fast‑acting disinfectant used in vet clinics |
| Kennel cleaning order | Remove debris → wash → disinfect → rinse → dry |
| Isolation ward | Area for contagious animals |
| PPE | Personal protective equipment (gloves, gown, mask) |
| Roundworms | Intestinal parasite; pot‑bellied appearance; zoonotic |
| Hookworms | Blood‑feeding parasite; causes anemia; zoonotic |
| Whipworms | Intestinal parasite; causes diarrhea and weight loss |
| Tapeworms | Caused by fleas; rice-like segments in stool |
| Coccidia | Protozoan parasite; causes diarrhea in puppies/kittens |
| Giardia | Protozoan parasite; causes diarrhea; zoonotic |
| Toxoplasma | Protozoan parasite; cats are definitive host; zoonotic |
| Sarcoptic mange | Highly contagious mite; intense itching; zoonotic |
| Demodectic mange | Mite; not contagious; patchy hair loss |
| Flea life cycle | Egg → larva → pupa → adult |
| Tick identification | Hard-bodied parasites; transmit Lyme and other diseases |
| Heartworm | Spread by mosquitoes; affects heart and lungs |
| Heartworm life cycle | Mosquito → dog → heart/lungs |
| Fecal flotation | Test used to detect intestinal parasite eggs |
| MM color | Indicator of oxygenation and perfusion |
| Pink MM | Normal |
| Pale MM | Anemia or shock |
| Blue MM | Lack of oxygen (cyanosis) |
| CRT | Capillary refill time; normal is <2 seconds |
| Body condition score | Scale of 1–9 assessing weight |
| Physical exam steps | Nose to tail systematic exam |
| Free catch urine | Collected midstream; easiest method |
| Cystocentesis | Needle into bladder; sterile sample |
| Catheterized urine | Collected via urinary catheter |
| Cephalic vein | Front leg vein for blood draws |
| Jugular vein | Neck vein; large samples |
| Saphenous vein | Rear leg vein; used in dogs |
| Ear cytology | Swab ear; check for yeast/bacteria |
| Skin scrape | Used to detect mites |
| Shock | Life-threatening condition; pale gums, weak pulse, cold limbs |
| Heat stroke | High body temp; panting, collapse, vomiting |
| Bloat (GDV) | Distended abdomen, retching, emergency |
| Seizure | Involuntary muscle activity; keep animal safe |
| Dystocia | Difficulty giving birth; emergency |
| Poisoning | Ingestion of toxic substance; contact vet immediately |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CAB sequence |
| CAB | Compressions, airway, breathing |
| Triage | Sorting patients by urgency |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar; weakness, tremors |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar; can cause increased thirst, urination, and lethargy H |
| Hypothermia | Low body temp; slow movements, cold body |
| Hyperthermia | Elevated body temperature; can lead to heat stroke |
| Pyrexia | Medical term for fever; elevated body temperature due to illness |
| Tail communication (dog) | Tail position indicates emotion (high = alert, low = fear) |
| Ear communication (dog) | Ear position shows mood (forward = alert, back = fear) |
| Tail communication (cat) | Tail movements show emotion (lashing = agitation) |
| Ear communication (cat) | Ear position shows mood (sideways = unsure) |
| brady- | Prefix meaning slow |
| tachy- | Prefix meaning fast |
| hyper- | Prefix meaning above normal |
| hypo- | Prefix meaning below normal |
| -itis | Suffix meaning inflammation |
| -ectomy | Suffix meaning surgical removal |
| -oma | Suffix meaning tumor |
| -pathy | Suffix meaning disease |
| Standing restraint | Used for exams, vaccines, mild procedures |
| Sternal restraint | Animal lying on chest; used for blood draws |
| Lateral restraint | Animal lying on side; used for nail trims and radiographs |
| Muzzle | Device used to prevent biting |
| Slip lead | Quick control tool for dogs |
| Towel wrap | Used to restrain cats safely |
| Burrito wrap | Full towel wrap for cats to limit movement |
| Cat bag | Restrains limbs while allowing access |
| Gauntlets | Thick gloves for aggressive animals |
| Rabies pole | Used for extremely aggressive dogs; last resort |
| Rabbit restraint | Support hind end; rabbits can break spine easily |
| Guinea pig restraint | Gentle hold; support entire body |
| Bird restraint | Control head and wings; avoid compressing chest |
| Reptile restraint | Support body; control head for snakes/lizards |
| Horse halter | Basic head restraint for horses |
| Lead rope | Used to guide and control horses |
| Twitch | Device applied to horse’s upper lip to distract during procedures |
| Primary layer | Layer directly on wound; keeps wound moist |
| Secondary layer | Absorbent layer; provides padding |
| Tertiary layer | Outer layer; protects and holds bandage in place |
| Robert Jones bandage | Thick padded bandage used for temporary fracture stabilization |
| Modified Robert Jones | Thinner version; used post‑operatively to reduce swelling |
| Paw bandage | Protects injured paw; prevents contamination |
| Splint | Rigid support used to immobilize limb |
| Cast | Hard, molded immobilization device for fractures |
| Wound debridement | Removal of dead or contaminated tissue |
| Granulation tissue | New tissue that forms during healing |
| Seroma | Fluid pocket under skin; often from excessive movement |
| Abscess | Pocket of pus caused by infection |
| Drain | Device placed to allow fluid to escape from wound |
| Hot compress | Warm cloth applied to increase circulation and healing |
| Cold compress | Reduces swelling and inflammation |
| Controlled substances | Drugs with abuse potential; require strict logs |
| Prescription label | Includes patient, drug, dose, instructions, vet info |
| SID | Once daily (Q24H) |
| BID | Twice daily |
| TID | Three times daily |
| QID | Four times daily |
| PRN | As needed |
| PO | By mouth |
| QOD | Every other day (Q48H) |
| Q_H | Every ___ hours (fill‑in‑the‑blank dosing interval) |
| Concentration | Amount of drug per mL |
| Dose | Amount of drug given to patient |
| Withdrawal time | Time before food animals can enter food chain after medication |
| Adverse reaction | Unintended negative effect of a drug |
| NSAIDs | Non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs; reduce pain and inflammation (carprofen, meloxicam) |
| Antibiotic | Drug that kills or inhibits bacteria (amoxicillin) |
| Analgesic | Pain‑relieving medication (morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, Tramadol, Gabapentin) |
| Sedative | Drug that calms or reduces excitement (Gabapentin |
| Anesthetic | Drug that causes loss of sensation |
| Emetic | Drug that induces vomiting (Xylazine |
| Antiemetic | Drug that prevents or controls vomiting (Cerenia, ondansetron, Metoclopramide, Ondansetron |
| Antidiarrheal | Controls diarrhea (kaolin/pectin, loperamide) |
| Local anesthetic | Blocks nerve sensation (lidocaine, bupivacaine) |
| Steroid | Reduces inflammation (prednisone, dexamethasone) |
| Apomorphine | Common emetic used in dogs |
| Bactericidal | Kills bacteria |
| Bacteriostatic | Stops bacteria from reproducing |
| Penicillins | Broad‑spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin) |
| Cephalosporins | Broad‑spectrum; multiple generations (cephalexin) |
| Tetracyclines | Used for tick‑borne diseases (doxycycline) |
| Macrolides | Used for respiratory infections (azithromycin) |
| Fluoroquinolones | Potent antibiotics; avoid in young animals (enrofloxacin) |
| Aminoglycosides | Strong antibiotics; can be nephrotoxic (gentamicin) |
| Sulfonamides | Used for coccidia and UTIs (SMZ‑TMP) |
| Controlled substance | Drug with abuse potential; requires strict logs |
| Schedule I | No medical use; high abuse potential (heroin, LSD) |
| Schedule II | Medical use; high abuse potential (morphine, fentanyl) |
| Schedule III | Moderate abuse potential (ketamine, buprenorphine) |
| Schedule IV | Low abuse potential (diazepam, tramadol) |
| Schedule V | Lowest abuse potential (some cough syrups) |
| Controlled drug log | Required record of all controlled substances |
| Aseptic technique | Preventing contamination during surgery |
| Sterile field | Area that must remain free of microorganisms |
| Autoclave | Machine that sterilizes instruments using steam and pressure |
| Pre‑anesthetic fasting | Withholding food before anesthesia to prevent vomiting |
| Pre‑anesthetic exam | Physical exam before anesthesia to assess patient safety |
| Induction | Beginning stage of anesthesia |
| Maintenance | Period where anesthesia is kept stable |
| Recovery | Time after anesthesia until patient is awake and stable |
| Endotracheal tube | Tube placed in trachea to maintain airway |
| Pulse oximeter | Measures oxygen saturation |
| Capnograph | Measures CO₂ levels |
| ECG | Monitors heart electrical activity |
| Blood pressure monitor | Measures circulatory status |
| Anesthetic depth | Level of anesthesia; monitored by reflexes and vitals |
| Reflexes | Indicators of anesthetic depth (palpebral, pedal) |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure; anesthesia risk |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure; can indicate pain, stress, or disease |
| Hypoventilation | Slow or shallow breathing under anesthesia |
| Hyperventilation | Rapid breathing; can occur from pain, stress, or respiratory issues |
| Normal dog blood pressure | 110–160 systolic; 60–90 diastolic |
| Normal cat blood pressure | 120–170 systolic; 70–100 diastolic |
| Pain score scale | 0–4 scale; higher numbers indicate more pain |
| Dog pain signs | Whining, panting, restlessness, guarding area |
| Cat pain signs | Hiding, decreased grooming, aggression, hunched posture |
| Fecal sample storage | Refrigerate up to 24 hours; never freeze |
| Urine sample storage | Refrigerate; test within 30 minutes for best accuracy |
| PCV Packed cell volume | measures % of red blood cells |
| Total protein (TP) | Measures protein in blood; helps assess hydration/inflammation |
| Normal glucose range | (dog/cat) 70–120 mg/dL |
| Ringworm | Fungal infection; zoonotic; circular hair loss |
| Salmonella | Zoonotic bacterial infection; GI signs; transmitted via feces |
| Campylobacter | Zoonotic bacterial diarrhea; common in puppies/kittens |
| MRSA | Antibiotic‑resistant bacteria; zoonotic risk |
| OSHA | Agency regulating workplace safety |
| SDS (Safety Data Sheet) | Hazard and handling info for chemicals |
| Sharps disposal | Needles/blades go in puncture‑proof sharps container |
| Biohazard waste | Blood‑soaked items, tissues, cultures; red biohazard bags |
| Needle gauge for vaccines | 22–25 gauge |
| Needle gauge for blood draws | 20–22 gauge |
| SQ injection angle | 45 degrees |
| IM injection angle | 90 degrees |
| Nail quick | Blood vessel inside nail; cutting causes bleeding |
| Quicking treatment | Apply styptic powder or silver nitrate |
| Ear cleaning steps | Fill canal → massage → allow shake → wipe debris |
| Anal gland expression | Performed at 4 and 8 o’clock positions |
| Controlled substance storage | Must be locked in secure cabinet; limited access |
| Drug calculation formula | Dose × Weight ÷ Concentration = mL to give |
| Absorbable sutures | Gut, PDS |
| Non‑absorbable sutures | Nylon, prolene |
| Common toxic foods | Grapes, raisins, chocolate, xylitol, onions, garlic |
| Common toxic plants | Lilies (cats), sago palm, oleander |
| CPR compression rate | 100–120 compressions per minute |
| CPR compression depth | 1/3 to 1/2 width of chest |
| Shock fluids | Crystalloids (LRS, Norm‑R) |
| Activated charcoal | Binds toxins after ingestion |
| Hydrogen peroxide (3%) | Used to induce vomiting ONLY if directed by a vet |
| Feline friendly handling | Slow movements, quiet voice, avoid direct staring |
| Horse blind spots | Directly in front and directly behind |
| Horse kick zones | Sideways or straight back; stay close or far away |
| Cattle flight zone | Area around animal that triggers movement when entered |
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