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CRJ Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following was associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century? A) An increase in street crime B) A rise in terrorist incidents C) A wave of organized criminal activity D) An increased emphasis on individual rights | C) A wave of organized criminal activity |
| As society became more focused on individual rights in the 1960s and 1970s, what happened to crime in the United States? | B) Reported crime increased dramatically. |
| In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasing and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on ________. A) social justice B) individual accountability C) due process D) the consensus model | B) individual accountability |
| Which of the following would support the protection of personal freedoms and civil rights? A) Crime-control advocates B) States'-rights advocates C) Public-order advocates D) Individual-rights advocates | D) Individual-rights advocate |
| A person who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a(n)__. | D) public-order advocate |
| True/False The crime epidemic that occurred between 1850 and 1880 was due primarily to social upheaval caused by large-scale immigration and the Civil War. | True |
| T/F The emphasis on individual rights seen during the 1960s and 1970s was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in reported criminal activity | False |
| T/F In the mid-1980s, the sale and use of illicit drugs decreased to an all-time low. | False |
| T/F The 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act was intended to deter corporate fraud and to hold business executives accountable for their actions. | True |
| Which of the following was associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century? A) An increase in street crime B) A rise in terrorist incidents C) A wave of organized criminal activity D) An increased emphasis on individual rights | C) A wave of organized criminal activity |
| As society became more focused on individual rights in the 1960s and 1970s, what happened to crime in the United States? | B) Reported crime increased dramatically. |
| In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasing and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on ________. A) social justice B) individual accountability C) due process D) the consensus model | B) individual accountability |
| Which of the following would support the protection of personal freedoms and civil rights? A) Crime-control advocates B) States'-rights advocates C) Public-order advocates D) Individual-rights advocates | D) Individual-rights advocate |
| A person who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a(n)__. | D) public-order advocate |
| True/False The crime epidemic that occurred between 1850 and 1880 was due primarily to social upheaval caused by large-scale immigration and the Civil War. | True |
| T/F The emphasis on individual rights seen during the 1960s and 1970s was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in reported criminal activity | False |
| T/F In the mid-1980s, the sale and use of illicit drugs decreased to an all-time low. | False |
| T/F The 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act was intended to deter corporate fraud and to hold business executives accountable for their actions. | True |
| T/F During the civil rights era, society focused on providing increased rights to victims of crime. | False |
| Social ________ is a condition that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change, conflict, and a lack of consensus. | disorganization |
| ________ advocates focus on protecting personal freedoms and civil rights within society, including the criminal justice process. | Individual-rights |
| ________ justice is linked to notions of fairness and cultural beliefs about right and wrong | Social |
| The ________ model of criminal justice assumes that each of the component parts strive toward a common goal. | consensus |
| An individual who believes that the various criminal justice agencies have different and competing goals would probably adhere to the ________ model of criminal justice. | conflict |
| If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data on crimes reported to the police, you should use which of the following sources of data? | A) The Uniform Crime Reports |
| The UCR/NIBRS program is operated by which federal agency? A) The Bureau of Justice Statistics B) The Federal Bureau of Investigation C) The National Institute of Justice Statistics D) The National Criminal Justice Reference Service | B) The Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| UCR/NIBRS terminology may differ from ________ definitions of crime. A) statistical reporting B) the UCR Program's C) statutory D) the FBI's | C) statutory |
| For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR? | D) A study examining multiple crimes that occur within a single incident |
| Although rates of traditional crimes in the U.S. have been declining in recent years, some cities are experiencing very high rates of which serious crime? A) Rape B) Murder C) Robbery D) Burglary | B) Murder |
| T/F NIBRS represents a significant redesign of the original UCR Program | True |
| T/F NIBRS classifies robbery as a personal or violent crime. | False |
| T/F The clearance rate refers to the proportion of reported crimes that have been solve | True |
| T/F Most murders are committed by strangers. | False |
| T/F A spree killing involves the killing of at least four or more victims at one location within one event. | False |
| ________ data is obtained by surveying offenders and asking them to reveal illegal activity in which they have been involved | Self-report |
| ________ classifies serious crimes as Group A offenses. | NIBRS |
| The number of robberies per 100,000 people in the U.S. is an example of a crime ________. | rate |
| Clearances are mainly based on ________ rather than judicial disposition | arrests |
| ________ discrimination occurs when racism is not an isolated practice but an integral part of the justice system. | Systemic |
| Which type of law is also known as the "law on the books"? A) Statutory law B) Natural law C) Procedural law D) Administrative law | A) Statutory law |
| In many states, ________ principles are used to interpret many legal issues. A) common law B) statutory law C) jurisprudence D) case law | A) common law |
| The concept of ________ expresses the belief that an orderly society must be governed by established principles to maintain order. A) rule of law B) stare decisis C) codification D) jurisprudence | A) rule of law |
| ________ is the philosophy of law. A) Mens rea B) The penal code C) Jurisprudence D) The M'Naghten rule | C) Jurisprudence |
| The body of rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature for wrongs committed against the state or society is called ________. | A) criminal law |
| T/F Case law is the written or codified law that is enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make laws. | False |
| T/F Common law originates from usage and custom rather than from written statutes | True |
| T/F The rule of law allows people to disagree with the law but not to disobey the law. | True |
| T/F Procedural law is one type of substantive criminal law. | False |
| T/F A tort is a wrongful act, damage, or injury not involving a breach of contract. | True |
| The ________ code is the written form of the criminal law. | Penal |
| ________ is the philosophy of law. | Jurisprudence |
| Wrongful acts that violate the civil law are known as ________. | torts |
| According to the law of ________, a judge should consider the reasonings of prior courts when deciding a case. | precedent |
| If you commit a(n) ________, you will probably receive a ticket rather than a more severe punishment like jail time. | infraction |
| Which federal agency is part of the Department of Justice? A) U.S. Coast Guard B) U.S. Marshals Service C) U.S. Capitol Police D) Federal Air Marshals Program | B) U.S. Marshals Service |
| What is a Legat? | B) The director of a Joint Terrorism Task Force |
| Which federal agency is responsible for managing a forensic database of DNA profiles of offenders? A) Drug Enforcement Administration B) U.S. Secret Service C) U.S. Customs D) Federal Bureau of Investigation | D) Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| After 9/11 the main priority of the FBI became ________. A) transnational organized crime B) white-collar crime C) terrorism D) violent crime | C) terrorism |
| Recently the FBI refocused efforts to target which type of offender? A) Members of organized crime groups B) Cyber criminals C) Terrorists D) Corporate criminals | B) Cyber criminals |
| T/F All federal law enforcement agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice. | False |
| T/F Any law enforcement agency in the U.S. may receive laboratory services from the FBI without charge. | TRUE |
| T/F Centralized state police agencies focus primarily on traffic and law enforcement duties on the state's highways. | FALSE |
| T/F The first modern centralized state police force was formed in Pennsylvania. | TRUE |
| The FBI is an agency of the Department of ________. | Justice |
| Currently, the FBI is focusing on ________ criminals. | cyber |
| The ________ model of state policing draws a distinction between traffic enforcement and other state-level law enforcement functions. | decentralized |
| A(n) ________ police department is a city- or town-based law enforcement agency. | municipal |
| ________ are elected law enforcement officials whose agencies are responsible for county-wide law enforcement. | Sheriffs |
| Which of the following statements best describes police involvement in enforcing the law? | C) The police are expected to support the law. |
| ________ frequently requires a considerable amount of police work and painstaking investigation. | B) Apprehending offenders |
| ________ is a proactive approach to the problem of crime. | A) Crime prevention |
| Crime prevention efforts include a focus on ________. | C) reducing the public's fear of crime |
| CompStat and CrimeStat are techniques to do which of the following? | A) Investigate crime |
| T/F The police spend the majority of their time enforcing the law and fighting crime. | FALSE |
| T/F CompStat is a tool for predicting criminal activity | TRUE |
| T/F ) The peacekeeping role of the police involves a focus on quality-of-life offenses. | TRUE |
| T/F The broken windows model of policing is most relevant to the service provision role of the police. | FALSE |
| T/F A police sergeant is a police manager. | TRUE |
| Crime ________ is a proactive approach to the problem of crime. | prevention |
| ________ is a crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the NYPD. | CompStat |
| ________ crimes are quality-of-life offenses that create disorder and demoralize residents of a community. | Petty |
| The broken ________ model of policing focuses on physical decay in a community that can breed disorder and lead to crime. | windows |
| ________ operations are field activities that relate directly to daily police work. | Line |
| What is the importance of the Fourteenth Amendment | A) It extends constitutional protections to state-level criminal justice. |
| During which Supreme Court Justice's tenure did the rights of individuals expand dramatically? | B) Earl Warren |
| ________ cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system. | B) Landmark |
| Which Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures? | A) The Fourth Amendment |
| Which U.S. Supreme Court case forms the basis of the exclusionary rule? | B) Weeks v. U.S. |
| T/F The Fourteenth Amendment is included in the Bill of Right | FALSE |
| T/F The Warren Court used the Fourteenth Amendment to require both state and federal criminal justice agencies to adhere to the Court's interpretation of the Constitution. | TRUE |
| T/F Landmark cases clarify the procedural guidelines the criminal justice system must follow | TRUE |
| T/F The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine excludes from trial any evidence later developed as the result of an illegal search or seizure. | TRUE |
| T/F A warrantless search incident to arrest may include the entire building in which the arrest was made. | FALSE |
| The ________ Amendment provides protection against arrest without probable cause. | Fourth |
| A police officer who conducts a search without a written judicial order authorizing that activity is conducting a(n) ________ search. | warrantless |
| The ________ exception to the exclusionary rule permits the use of evidence illegally seized by the police if the officers believed they were operating legally. | good-faith |
| The ________ doctrine allows the police to seize evidence without a warrant if the evidence is readily visible to the police. | plain-view |
| A(n) ________ warrant does not claim that evidence is present at the time the warrant is requested but expects that the evidence will be there when the warrant is executed. | anticipatory |
| How do new police officers enter the police subculture? | They are socialized into the subculture. |
| A police subculture includes ________. | shared values, beliefs, and forms of behavior |
| The two key elements in the definition of police corruption are ________. | misuse of authority and personal gain |
| Which of the following activities best fits the definition of police corruption? | A police officer accepts money to ignore a traffic violation. |
| Barker and Carter describe acts of corruption that occur most often to further the organizational goals of law enforcement, as ________. | abuse of authority |
| T/F The police subculture is mainly communicated through formal academy training. | FALSE |
| T/F The police subculture tends to be similar in police departments throughout the United States. | TRUE |
| T/F The "slippery slope" perspective suggests that accepting minor gratuities can lead to more serious violations of the law. | TRUE |
| T/F Occupational deviance mainly occurs to further the organizational goals of law enforcement. | FALSE |
| T/F Accepting a minor bribe is an example of meat eating. | FALSE |
| The police ________ involves a set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior that is characteristic of the police. | subculture |
| Police ________ involves the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain. | corruption |
| The ________ Commission investigated police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s. | Knapp |
| Police ________ involves the increasing formalization of police work and increasing public acceptance of the police. | professionalism |
| Police ________ refers to the special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligations inherent in police work | ethics |
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