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ANSC4086 - exam 1
small ruminant production exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ruminant livestock | • four-compartment stomach • cows, sheep, goats, deer |
| pseudo-ruminant livestock | • three-compartment stomach • alpacas, llamas |
| general facts about sheep + goats | • huge phenotypic variety; polled or horned; straight or roman nose • may be >80lbs to 350lbs; males weigh more than females • single offspring weigh more than twin offspring |
| sheep + goat lifespan | • 16 to 18 yrs • useful for 7 to 8 yrs |
| sheep + goat body temperature | • 102.5*F |
| sheep genus + species | • Ovis aries |
| instead of brisket, the chest region of sheep is known as... | • breast |
| number of recognized sheep breeds | • over 200 |
| through what method are sheep able to learn? | • habit |
| what geographic regions have the most control of the sheep market? | • Asia • New Zealand • Australia |
| what benefit do sheep have over goats concerning vegetation control? | • sheep control vegetation with less damage vs. goats |
| number of sheep + lambs within the USA | • 5.05 million |
| most North American sheep operations are... | • farm flocks or range operations |
| segments of the USA sheep industry | • producers > lamb feeders > lamb processors > wool buyers / warehouses > shearers > other support industries |
| where are fenced range operations located in the USA? | • Texas, other SW states |
| where are migratory range operations located in the USA? | • intermountain states • lower elevations in the winter, higher in the summer |
| range lambs are often marketed as... | • feeders • fattened on grain in feedlots / irrigated pasture and crop residues |
| farm flock lambs are often marketed as... | • meat for traditional meat markets or ethnic customers • purebred sheep or club lambs • high-quality wool producers |
| feeder lamb weights before vs after the feedlot | • before: 60 to 110 lbs • finished: 130 to 140 lbs |
| wool from one sheep | • fleece |
| wool from entire flock | • clip |
| number of waves per inch of wool | • crimp • finer means more crimps, translates to higher quality wool |
| diameter of wool shaft | • course or fine |
| length of unstretched lock of wool | • staple |
| natural oil produced by sheep | • lanolin |
| sheep industry hurdles caused by nature | • predation • internal parasites • diseases |
| sheep industry hurdles caused by sheep | • high feed and energy costs • low production efficiency • requires skilled labor |
| sheep industry hurdles caused by humans | • low consumption of production • packing industry is consolidated • competition from imported lamb cuts |
| what are the main reasons to keep goats? | • dairy production - "poor man's cow" • mohair production - Texas • meat production - SW USA, Spanish-speaking population • brush control - opportunity with herbicide restrictions |
| who can goats benefit the most? | • important meat + milk animals for people in developing countries |
| how can goats cause ecological damage? | • vigorous brush consumers, can cause desertification if not managed properly |
| goat genus + species | • Capra hircus |
| there are ________ goat breeds vs. sheep breeds | • fewer |
| how do goats' temperaments compare to that of sheep? | • goats are more intelligent and more curious |
| reasons for increase in USA goat industry | • increased ethnic population, who purchase goat meat for holidays and special occasions • interest in natural, organic dairy products • inexpensive, only need small plot of land, adapted to sparce vegetation, prolific |
| goat industry hurdles | • natural: predation, internal parasites, diseases, poisonous plants • other: lack of prestige and glamour, low production efficiency, requires skilled labour |
| top goat-producing states (USA) | • Texas • California • Colorado • Wyoming • Utah |
| are there feedlots for goats like there are for sheep? | • no |
| emerging goat industries | • 4H club kids • landscape management • leisure / entertainment - goat yoga |
| what is the most popular, most profitable sheep and goat enterprise? | • meat production / sale of live animals for meat production |
| what are the fiber types produced by small ruminants? | • sheep: wool • goats: mohair, cashmere • alpaca: alpaca wool |
| sheep vs. goat market age | • sheep: 5 to 7 months • goats: 4 to 8 months |
| sheep vs. goat market weight | • sheep: 134 lbs • goats: 40 to 80 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat average daily gain | • sheep: 0.5 to 0.8 lbs • goats: 0.15 to 0.5 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat feed : gain ratio | • sheep - 1 : 5 to 8 lbs • goats - 1 : 5 to 12 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat daily milk yield | • sheep: 3 to 7.5 lbs • goats: 5 to 6.5 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat fiber yield | • sheep: 5 to 14 lbs • goats: 8 to 16 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat carcass weight | • sheep: 60 to 75 lbs • goats: 24 to 40 lbs |
| sheep vs. goat dressing percentage | • sheep: 48 to 56% • goats: 45 to 52% |
| what six things are required to raise sheep and goats? | 1. feed 2. fencing 3. housing / shelter 4. feeders 5. watering system 6. skilled labor |
| mixed species grazing | • one doe / ewe per cow with no additional forage • sheep select more nutritional plants vs. cattle • goats select browse over other forage types |
| sheep + goat global significance | • (may be outdated) 1.1 billion sheep, 880 million goats globally • second and fourth most numerous livestock animals excluding poultry |
| reasons for declining sheep production | • less demand for wool and meat, inadequate profits, seasonal production • difficulty in finding reliable shepherds • increasing gov't regulation of rangelands with decreasing gov't support of industries |
| number of goats in USA | • around 2.5 million consistently |
| number of sheep in USA | • around 5 million and decreasing |
| when did sheep production peak in the USA? | • in 1945, around WWII • 56 million total sheep and lambs |
| effect of synthetic fiber production on the sheep industry | • synthetic fibers for clothing, manufacturing, fabrics pulled demand away from wool • demand for lamb meat also decreased as a paired product |
| what state leads the USA in sheep production? | • Texas, both in number of sheep and number of operations • most sheep are in large fenced range operations • most operations are farm flock operations |
| sheep farm flock states (USA) | • Iowa, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Minnesota • contribute around one-third of USA wool supply |
| lamb feedlot states (USA) | • Great Plains, California, Texas, Wyoming • Colorado leads overall |
| environmental advantage of small ruminants vs. large ruminants | • small ruminants are often not kept in large confinement facilities like large ruminants, which have a high environmental load |
| technological disadvantage of small ruminants vs. large ruminants | • small ruminant production is limited by seasonal breeding vs. large ruminant production is maximized using accelerated / out-of-season breeding technologies • also less technology to determine carcass composition |
| how to tell the difference between sheep and goats? | • sheep: tail down (if not docked), has wool, no tassels / wattles • goats: tail up, has hair, tassels / wattles • sheep have 54 chromosomes, goats have 60 |
| dam / ewe sheep breeds | • traits for mothering ability, hardiness, fleece, wool volume • white-faced, fine-wool • Rambouillet, Merino, Columbia |
| sire / ram sheep breeds | • traits for growth and meat quality of their offspring • often terminal sires for crossbreeding programs; divided into heavyweight / lightweight lamb production • Suffolk, Hampshire, Southdown |
| hair sheep breeds | • traits for fertility, livability, parasite resistance • have hair instead of wool and an extended breeding season • Katahdin, Dorper, St. Croix |
| dairy sheep breeds | • of recent interest in the USA • East Friesian, Manchega |
| medium wool sheep | • intermediate fiber length + diameter; most meat-type sheep grow medium wool • about 15% of the world's sheep population |
| meat sheep | • intermediate fiber diameter + staple length; excel in meat production, both growth + carcass quality • Hampshire, Suffolk, Dorset |
| fine wool sheep | • fiber diameter <22 microns (smallest); fleece shorter in length + most lanolin vs. other sheep • lower percentage of clean fiber; wool is most valuable + versatile; less likely to itch • Rambouillet, Delaine-Merino |
| long wool sheep | • fiber diameter >30 microns (largest), largest staple length + yield • more clean fiber, fleece has less lanolin; popular among hand spinners + weavers • best production in cool, wet climates + abundant nutrition • Border Leicester, Lincoln, Romney |
| dual purpose sheep | • crosses between fine + medium wool; white-faced • raised for meat but better quality wool than medium wool sheep • Columbia, Polypay |
| hair / double-coated sheep | • hair / mixture of hair and wool that is naturally shed • do not require shearing or tail docking • Blackbelly, Dorper, Katahdin, St. Croix |
| minor + exotic sheep | • Gulf Coast Native, Navajo-Churro, Jacob |
| dairy goats | • Swiss breeds: Saanen, Toggenburg, Alpine • USA breeds: LaMancha • English breeds: Anglo-Nubian, most popular in USA |
| meat goats | • South African breeds have best meat producing ability: Boer • Kiko, Savanna, Myotonic, Spanish |
| fiber goats | • mohair: long upper coat produced by Angora goats • cashmere: undercoat from Cashmere goats |
| pygmy goats | • used as laboratory species in USA • small size (cuteness) has made them a popular livestock pet in USA |
| Louisiana's most popular sheep breeds | • Suffolk, Hampshire, Dorset, Southdown |
| what are most of Louisiana's sheep used for? | • 4H and FFA show animals |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: January | • order ear tags + lambing supplies • start feeding ewes + does 0.5-1 lb grain per 100lbs body weight |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: February | • vaccinate ewes + does for enterotoxemia + tetanus • sanitary clip |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: March | • watch females closely to put in lambing jugs as close to parturition as possible, for 3 days • strip teats, ensure nursing ASAP • iodine on navels, ear tag, dock tail, banding, disbudding |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: April | • monitor internal parasites • keep ewes + does on ryegrass, increase grain • vaccinate lambs for enterotoxemia, start creep feeding |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: May | • monitor internal parasites • watch for coccidiosis |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: June | • remove grain from ewes + does 3 days before weaning • wean lambs ~60 days, wean kids after 90 days and castrate before weaning • trim feet routinely, deworm with FAMACHA test |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: July | • sort + market cull ewes • grow replacements on growing ration + good forage • graze ewes on permanent pasture • fresh water, salt, and granular minerals always available |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: August | • check soundness: teeth, eyes, feet, legs, sheath, testicles • shear, deworm • start feeding bucks + rams extra |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: September | • start flushing 2-3 weeks before breeding, conduct BSEs • vaccinate for abortion diseases: vibrio/campylobacter, chlamydia • identify all ewes + does with paint brands / ear tages |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: October | • turn in rams, use marking harness, record breeding dates • feed rams + bucks extra, especially young ones • flush ewes + does through breeding |
| management at the LSU small ruminant farm: November | • remove rams + bucks • put ewes + does on nutritious pasture like ryegrass • breed replacement ewes + does after mature ones, around 7 months / 70% of mature weight |
| how do energy / nutritive requirements change during lactation? | • 30% increase in energy needs, 55% increase in protein needs • does / ewes need one lb grain per kid / lamb |
| breeding soundness | • evaluation of the potential ability of a male to impregnate a given number of females within a defined breeding period |
| breeding soundness examination (BSE) | • evaluates male potential reproductive performance • physical exam emphasizing reproductive tract, assessment of semen quality, assessment of libido and social behavior |
| superior rams may settle how many ewes in how many days? | • 100 ewes in 60 days |
| what is visible when ultrasounding a pregnant ewe / doe at <35 days? | • hyperechoic fetus (light colored) in hypoechoic, fluid-filled uterine horn (dark colored) |
| what is visible when ultrasounding a pregnant ewe / doe at >35 days? | • fetus is easier to visualize within the fluid-filled uterine horn • C-shaped / doughnut-shaped placentomes also detectable |
| what is visible when ultrasounding a pregnant ewe / doe at >45 days? | • placentomes + fetus very obvious |
| what is visible when ultrasounding a pregnant ewe / doe at >50 days? | • fetus begins to resemble a lamb / kid |
| 9 facility needs for small scale production | • containment, shelter, feeding, watering, lambing / kidding, feed storage, animal handling, manure disposal, hauling |
| 3 types of fencing for containment | • perimeter • interior / cross: may be temporary • pens + corrals |
| perimeter fencing: high-tensile electric | • multi-strand • minimum 5000V with 3 grounding rods • must keep fence lines clean, ensure corners are strong |
| perimeter fencing: American woven wire | • openings must be small enough to keep heads out • barbed wire on top / bottom • optional: electric offset wire |
| perimeter fencing: high-tensile electric vs. American woven wire | • HT electric: less expensive, easier to install, fewer fence posts, physiological barrier, 25yr lifespan • AWW: physical barrier, goats get heads stuck, 20yr lifespan |
| interior / cross fencing: permanent types | • high-tensile electric • American woven wire |
| interior / cross fencing: temporary types | • high-tensile electric, electric netting • smooth wire, polywire, rope, tape |
| pens + corrals: materials | • non-electric high-tensile • American woven wire • lumber boards, stock panels, metal gates |
| pens + corrals: necessary for production | • all producers need: quarantine pen, sick pen, handling area • may need: barn lots, feeding areas, lambing / kidding pens • must be stronger + taller than fencing |
| pros of confinement housing | • weather protection • housed animals have lower nutrient requirements, easier to monitor, reduces human labor • place to store feed and equipment |
| cons of confinement housing | • more expensive • must have adequate ventilation to manage air quality • manure build-up |
| pros of open housing | • less expensive • better air quality, less manure build-up • animals get more exercise |
| cons of open housing | • less protection from the elements • animals have higher nutrient requirements • less convenient for people, more labor |
| various ways to provide shelter + shade | • barns, sheds, three-sided shelters, carports • polydomes, port-a-huts • shadecloth, trees, windbreaks |
| considerations for feeders | • appropriate for type of feed, type + number of animals (horns) • safe vs. predators • minimize feed waste, easy to clean, labor, cost |
| considerations for feed storage | • size of operation + feeding program • bulk purchases will be cheaper • protect feed from animals (birds, rodents), water, oxygen, sunlight |
| gallons of water required per day | • 1 to 4 gallons per animal |
| considerations for watering systems | • size of operation, grazing plan • proximity of barn + pastures to water • labor, cost |
| options for watering systems | • manual: buckets / troughs filled with hoses • automatic: bowls filled through water lines from fill tanks |
| necessary handling procedures | • ear tagging, microchipping, vaccinating • weighing, hoof trimming, milking, shearing, slaughtering • BCS, FAMACHA • loading onto truck / trailer |
| handling a few animals | • individually with a halter or collar |
| handling a small herd | • catch + handle in a small pen |
| handling larger herds | • recommended to have a full working system • gathering pen, chute, restraining device, scale, loading ramp |
| considerations for manure handling | • must be able to clean confinement facilities; have a nutrient management plan • valuable resource if well managed; adopt best practices for storing, managing, utilizing |
| composting manure | • local gardeners are potential customers, can also return to pastures • compost at least 30 days • 22lbs nitrogen per ton |
| considerations for hauling | • will be necessary at some point • vet, fair, sale barn, processor, other farms |
| options for hauling | • truck bed rack • bumper pull trailers / have a friend haul them • hire a commercial hauler |
Created by:
junoreg
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