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Pub Health Residues
Veterinary medicine public health, drugs and residues in food animal production
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Residues | Quantity of drug or chemical that remains or accumulates in cells |
| Define Tolerance as it pertains to residue surveillance | Concentration of a drug or chemical that will be permitted in feed or food. |
| Define "No Effect Level" | The concentration of a drug or chemical that will not cause any adverse effect. |
| Term: The concentration of a drug or chemical that will not cause any adverse effect. | No Effect Level |
| Term: Concentration of a drug or chemical that will be permitted in feed or food. | Tolerance |
| Term: Quantity of drug or chemical that remains or accumulates in cells | Residue |
| Define Withdrawal Time | Time required for a drug or chemical to be metabolized or excreted from a body system before slaughter or consumption to reach tolerance levels |
| Term: Time required for a drug or chemical to be metabolized or excreted from a body system before slaughter or consumption to reach tolerance levels | Withdrawal Time |
| What are the 6 classes of drugs? | Antimicrobials/Antibiotics; Insect/Herb/fungicides; Industrial & Environmental Chemicals; Heavy Metals; Growth promotants / coccidiostats / Feed efficiency enhancers; Hormones |
| What are the 3 'cides that we worry about and where are they stored? | Organophospates (Not a problem); Hexachlorobenzene (fat); Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (fat) |
| What is an industrial / enironmental chemical that we are concerned about in food animals? Which animal? | Dioxin - Fish |
| What is a heavy metal we are concerned about? | Methylmercury |
| What is a growth promotant / coccidiostat / Feed efficiency enhancer that we worry about? | Ionophores |
| What is the withdrawl time of Hormones? | None |
| What are the 5 reasons we are concerned about antibiotic residues? | (1)Allergies (10% pop allergic to penicilin) (2) Adulterated Products (Public Perception) (3)Loss of Market (4)Inhibition of dairy Processing (cultures, curdling inhibition) (5)Removal of approved drugs/extralable drug usage |
| What are the 3 causes of residues in meat that makes it to the slaughter house / market? What is their contribution (%)? | Failure to observe withdrawal times (51%); Unapproved Drugs (18%); Poor Medical records (12%) |
| What can cause a producer to not observe withdrawal times? | More than one person treating/making culling or sale decisions; Forced sale of sick or treated animals; Withdrawal times not known. |
| What can cause a producer to use unapproved drugs? | Label directions not followed (dose/route); Vet directions not followed; Improper feeding mixing; Extralable drug use |
| What can cause a vet to provide poor medical records? | Animal not identified properly; Withdrawal date not recorded; Treatment dates not recorded |
| What are the relative prevalence of who is at fault for residues making it to slaughter? | Producer (76%); Ubidentified (22%); Vet (1%) |
| Above what level of prevalence of violations are the residue detecting methods set to catch? (What % can slip through normally?) | 1-3% |
| What organization does residue detection? | USDA - FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection service) |
| What 3 parts of the body can be tested for residues? | Organs of excretion & Metabolism (liver & kidney); Organ of storage (fat); Edible products (Meat, liver, kidney) |
| What 4 groups of animals are subjected to higher monitoring? | Animals suspected of having been treated prior to marketing; originating from a farm that has had residue violations; random sample of "normal" animals; High risk animals (cull cows, veal calves; Swine) |
| What are the 3 methods used to detect residues & their specific tests? | Bacteriologic testing (CAST, LAST, STOP, Delvo P Test); Chemical Test (Thin Layer Chromotography); Immunologic Test (Penzyme, CITE) |
| What routs of administration are the biggest violators and what % of violations do they represent? | Injection (46%); Oral (29%); Intramammary (18%) |
| What steps should be taken to avoid residues? | Propper use; One person Ts; label & withdrawal times; ID Txed animals; Records; New animals = Txed til innocent; Clean Feeding/tx/holding; Mind recycled feed; Discard milk all 1/4s; Dry cow Tx only in dry cows; sell after Withdrawal; Test b4 market |
| What should the vet tell the owner for withdrawal time of an extalable drug? | Must give an approptiate withdawal time. |
| What is the assumed withdrawal time if a real withdrawal time is not known? | 6 months |
| What 3 things should be in the records when you treat a food animal? | Date of treatment; Product info (type used, dosage, route); Withdrawal Time for meat and milk |
| what is a concern about producers that grow their own feed? | If they use the manure from their animals they could be re-contaminating their animals. |
| define BST | a protein hormone naturally produced by the pituitary gland of cattle. |
| What are the 2 behaviors of protein hormones (like BST) that make them less of a concern as residues? | They are short lived in the body (sort withdrawal) and are inactivated by the GIT |
| What is the mode of action of BST? | Stimulated the liver to produce Insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), and regulates the conversion of dietary nutrients to milk |
| How is rBST produced? | Fermentation technology |
| How is rBST administered? When? How often? | Injected into the tailhead of cows after 63 days in milk every 14 days. |
| What is the difference with rBST treated cow's milk verses "normal" milk? | Same except slightly increased IGF-1 levels; Concentration is the same |
| How do you determine rBST vs BST in milk? | You Can't |
| What does rBST do in humans (oral & injection)? | Nothing: Digested orally and No effect in dwarfs injected with rBST |
| What hormones are administered to via inplants? | Naturally occuring hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone |
| Where are hormone implants placed? Why? | Middle third of the ear. The ear is discarded and so the implants wont end up in meat. |
| How do hormone implants release their hormones? How does this affect meat contamination? | Slow & constant: Levels remain within normal levels established for untreated animals of the same age and sex. |
| Why do hormones not have a withdrawal time? | The levels used are negligable compared to both the normal levels in the animal as well as in the consumer's own body. |
| What should the vet tell the owner for withdrawal time of an extalable drug? | Must give an approptiate withdawal time. |
| What is the assumed withdrawal time if a real withdrawal time is not known? | 6 months |
| What 3 things should be in the records when you treat a food animal? | Date of treatment; Product info (type used, dosage, route); Withdrawal Time for meat and milk |
| what is a concern about producers that grow their own feed? | If they use the manure from their animals they could be re-contaminating their animals. |
| define BST | a protein hormone naturally produced by the pituitary gland of cattle. |
| What are the 2 behaviors of protein hormones (like BST) that make them less of a concern as residues? | They are short lived in the body (sort withdrawal) and are inactivated by the GIT |
| What is the mode of action of BST? | Stimulated the liver to produce Insulin Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), and regulates the conversion of dietary nutrients to milk |
| How is rBST produced? | Fermentation technology |
| How is rBST administered? When? How often? | Injected into the tailhead of cows after 63 days in milk every 14 days. |
| What is the difference with rBST treated cow's milk verses "normal" milk? | Same except slightly increased IGF-1 levels; Concentration is the same |
| How do you determine rBST vs BST in milk? | You Can't |
| What does rBST do in humans (oral & injection)? | Nothing: Digested orally and No effect in dwarfs injected with rBST |
| What hormones are administered to via inplants? | Naturally occuring hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone |
| Where are hormone implants placed? Why? | Middle third of the ear. The ear is discarded and so the implants wont end up in meat. |
| How do hormone implants release their hormones? How does this affect meat contamination? | Slow & constant: Levels remain within normal levels established for untreated animals of the same age and sex. |
| Why do hormones not have a withdrawal time? | The levels used are negligable compared to both the normal levels in the animal as well as in the consumer's own body. |
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