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Repro 9-10
female and male sexual organs and anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Female reproductive organs | ovary oviduct uterus cervix vagina vulva |
| Female reproductive functions | producing eggs or ova to be fertilised by sperm serves as a receptacle for the penis during natural mating housing and nourishing foetus until birth |
| Ovaries | endocrine and cryogenic (cell producing) Produce oestrogen and progesterone produce ova |
| Oestrogen | stimulates development of secondary sex organs and sexual receptivity |
| Progesterone | maintains uterine lining during pregnancy keeps oestrus from occurring and causes mammary system to develop |
| Ovarian differences | oval shaped in most species bean shaped in mare |
| Cattle ovary structures | follicle oocyte theca cells granulosa cells corpus luteum corpus albicans |
| Ovary follicle | primordial, primary, secondary, matured Graafian (antrum), ruptured |
| Corpus luteum | produces progesterone |
| Ovary follicle functions | holding growing ovum producing and storing oestrogen follicle ruptures at ovulation, expels ovum, enters infundibulum and awaits fertilisation in oviduct |
| Oestrogen secretion | secreted from the follicle to signal the remainder of the reproductive tract to prepare for ovulation |
| Infundibulum | catches and directs eggs into the body of oviducts at ovulation |
| Ovulation | the discharge of an ovum from a mature follicle of an ovary |
| Oviducts | transport eggs from ovary to uterus site of fertilisation |
| Uterus | consists of horns, a body and a cervix site of embryonic growth, placental and foetal development shape varies among species |
| Uterine horn | Perimetrium (outer layer) Myometrium (muscular layer) Endometrium (inner layer) |
| Cervix | seals uterus from outside environment and protects uterus from foreign pathogens |
| Vagina | receptacle for penis during natural mating serves as birth canal during parturition separated from uterus by cervix |
| Vulva | external female genitalia |
| Caslick procedure | sometimes performed in horses to prevent foreign material entering vagina |
| Hormone producing cells in follicle | Theca cells Granulosa cells |
| Theca cells | stimulated by LH produce androgens and progesterone |
| Granulosa cells | Stimulated by FSH produce oestrogen |
| Oogenesis | formation and maturation of female gamete |
| Oogenesis process | foetal period Puberty onward Ovulations |
| Oogenesis (fetal period) | oogonia undergo mitosis enter Meiosis I and arrest until puberty |
| Oogenesis (puberty) | primary oocytes divide to become secondary oocytes |
| Oogenesis (ovulation) | release of secondary oocyte |
| Oogenesis (if fertilisation occurs) | second meiotic division (meiosis II) before zygote (fertilised egg) and second polar body produced |
| Male Reproductive Tract | Testes epididymis vas deferens/ductus deferens scrotum accessory sex glands penis |
| Accessory sex glands | ampulla seminal vesicle prostrate cowpers gland |
| Male anatomy | includes organs which produce, store and deposit semen produces male sex hormones passageway for expelling urine |
| Testes | paired, oval shaped organs produce sperm cells produce testosterone have seminiferous tubules interstitial cells |
| Seminiferous tubules | coil throughout testes site of sperm production and maturation |
| Interstitial cells | also known as leydig cells lie between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone |
| Testes functions | hormone production spermatogenesis |
| spermatogenesis | formation of sperm by testes |
| spermatic cord | contain structures for temp regulation and testicular support |
| Spermatic cord structures | Cremaster muscle Pampiniform plexus |
| Cremaster muscle | raises/lowers testes depending on temperature |
| Pampiniform plexus | network of veins cool arterial blood Bulls: lowers blood temp from 39-34*C Boards: 38-35*C |
| Scrotum | protects and support testes protects sperm regulates temp move testes away or towards body depending on temp |
| Cryptorchid | undecended testes |
| Bilateral cryptorchid | two undecended testes sterile high internal body temp impairs sperm production |
| Unilateral cryptorchid | one undecended testis decended testis functional fertile |
| Epididymis regions | head (caput) body (corpus) tail (cauda) |
| Epididymis | coiled tube attached to each testes responsible for maturation storage and transportation of sperm cells varies in location (species differences) |
| Vas Deferens | sperm transport from epididymis to urethra carries urine from bladder carries sperm and fluid from accessory sex organs |
| Seminal vesicles | (part of accessory sex glands) secrete fructose-rich energy sources and buffers |
| Prostate gland | accessory sex gland produces milky fluid containing organic ions |
| Cowper's glands | accessory sex gland produce pre-ejaculate that class urethra before ejaculation |
| Penis Functions | passageway for semen and urine deposits semen in female tract |
| Penis types | Fibroelastic penis Vascular penis |
| Fibroelastic penis | bulls, rams, boars limited blood required for erection composed of connective tissue |
| Vascular penis | stallions, humans relies heavily on blood for erection |
| Spermatogenesis | process of producing sperm cells from germ cells occurs in seminiferous tubules |
| Stages of spermatogenesis | spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermatozoa (mature sperm) |
| Supporting cells in spermatogenesis | Sertoli cells (within tubules) leydig cells (between tubules) |
| Sertoli cells (spermatogenesis) | support sperm development form blood-testes barrier produce inhibin and activin |
| Leydig cells (spermatogenesis) | produce testosterone active during foetal life and after puberty |
| Sperm structure and species differences | species differ in head shape, length and tail features differences can influence: fertility AI success sperm transport efficiency |
Created by:
sakelleher29
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