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Emergency Care
Key elements in emergency & critical care
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what should crash carts contain? | emergency medications, syringes, needles, laryngoscope, endotracheal tube, ambu bag, catheters, instrument packs (in larger carts) |
| what is shock? | complex syndrome with altered blood flow or impaired oxygen delivery to tissues |
| what type of shock are there? | hypovolemic, distributive, obstructive, cardiogenic, septic |
| what is the cause of hypovolemic shock? | decreased blood volume due to trauma, hemorrhage, severe vomiting, or diarrhea |
| what is the most common type of shock is seen in dogs and cats? | hypovolemic shock |
| what are the signs of hypovolemic shock? | prolonged CRT, weak pulses, pale mucous membranes, altered mentation |
| how do you treat hypovolemic shock? | restore intravascular volume via IV fluids or blood transfusion |
| what is the cause of distributive shock? | misdistribution of blood flow and pooling of blood capillaries |
| when do you see distributive shock? | anaphylaxis, sepsis, heatstroke, envenomation |
| how do you treat distributive shock? | fluid therapy and vasopressors |
| what is the cause of obstructive shock? | impaired venous return to the heart |
| when do you see obstructive shock? | gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) or pericardial tamponade |
| how do you treat obstructive shock? | detect and treat the underlying cause |
| what is the cause of cardiogenic shock? | secondary to heart conditions |
| what are the signs of cardiogenic shock? | weak pulses, hypotension, pale mucous membranes, cold extremities, ascites, pulmonary edema |
| how do you treat cardiogenic shock? | improve heart function |
| what is the cause of septic shock? | severe infection or tissue damage |
| what are the signs of septic shock? | bright red mucous membranes (inflammatory vasodilation), bounding pulses |
| how do you treat septic shock? | treat the infection, fluid therapy, broad-spectrum antibiotics |
| what does SIRS stand for? | systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
| what is SIRS? | widespread tissue damage, hypoxia, and inflammation that can accompany shock |
| what are the characteristics of SIRS? | widespread vasodilation, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, alterations in leukocyte counts |
| what is the cause of SIRS? | trauma, surgery, shock, cardiopulmonary arrest, CPR, pancreatitis, envenomation, immune-mediated disease, neoplasia, infection/sepsis |
| what are the complications of shock/SIRS? | disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
| what does DIC stand for? | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| What does MODS stand for? | multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
| what is DIC? | simultaneous clotting (thrombosis) and bleeding |
| What is MODS? | permanent organ failure |
| what is the prognosis for DIC? | often fatal |
| what is the prognosis for MODS? | poor |
| how do you treat shock/SIRS? | IV fluids, vasopressors, antibiotics, blood transfusion, mechanical ventilation |
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