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ANSC4045 - week 1
farm animal repro - intro, female repro
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bovine cycle type | polyestrus |
| bovine cycle length | 21 days |
| bovine gestation length | 9 months / 282 days |
| ovine cycle type | seasonal polyestrus |
| ovine cycle length | 17 days |
| ovine gestation length | 5 months / 150 days |
| porcine cycle type | polyestrus |
| porcine cycle length | 21 days |
| porcine gestation length | 3.8 months / 115 days |
| equine cycle type | seasonal polyestrus |
| equine cycle length | 21 days |
| equine gestation length | 11 months / 336 days |
| three reasons that animals reproduce | 1. perpetuate species 2. produce food or products 3. genetic improvement |
| perpetuation of the species | • maintain viable population • at the minimum, an animal must replace itself |
| production of food or products | • excess reproduction (more than needed to perpetuate species) means more products |
| genetic improvement | • select traits through educated mating choices |
| some reproductive tools for genetic improvement | • semen storage, X/Y semen selection • estrus synchronization, superovulation • embryo transfer + storage • IVF, cloning |
| main challenge of reproductive management | • to improve efficiency of reproduction • goal: one calf per year, 60-90 day calving period |
| 60-90 day calving period | 1. calf born Jan 1 2. start breeding 60 days later, March 1 3. must be pregnant in ~30 days to calf by next Jan |
| fundamental aspects of reproduction in mammals | 1. gametes, produced in the gonads 2. hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis 3. fertilization -> maternal recognition --> development 4. parturition -> lactation -> development |
| gametes | • haploid germ cells |
| female gamete | • oocyte • formed during fetal development, development arrested until ovulation begins |
| male gamete | • spermatozoa, sperm |
| gonads | • produce the gametes through gametogenesis |
| female gonads | • ovaries • contains gametes and has endocrine functions |
| male gonads | • testes |
| hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) | • gametogenesis controlled by endocrine factors (hormones) thru circulatory system |
| female HPG axis | • cyclic endocrine factors --> cyclic gametogenesis |
| male HPG axis | • consistent endocrine factors --> consistent gametogenesis |
| fertilization | 1. oocyte is released from ovary 2. sperm deposited in female tract by copulation 3. sperm meets oocyte |
| maternal recognition | • cycle must stop for pregnancy to be carried to term • occurs through placentation + placental function |
| ovulation | • oocytes ovulated from follicles in the ovary, follicles grow + mature • oocyte travels to infundibulum then to oviduct |
| oviduct | • site of fertilization + early embryonic development • smooth muscle of oviduct and cilia of epithelial cells transport opposite directions - not well understood |
| copulation | • semen deposited in vagina during copulation • sperm transported from cervix --> uterus --> oviduct |
| uterus | • embryo remains here through gestation after leaving the oviduct • development of embryo --> fetus • site of implantation for maternal support of fetal development • classified based on horn development |
| parturition | • birth • fetus expelled from uterus through cervix + vagina |
| lactation | • production of milk to nourish offspring • by mammals |
| order of progression through the female reproductive tract | • ovaries --> oviduct --> uterus --> cervix --> vagina --> external genitalia |
| rectogenital pouch | • separates reproductive tract from the rectum • reproductive tract directly beneath rectum • cow + mare: rectal palpation or ultrasound of reproductive tract (large enough) |
| embryonic development of the broad ligament | • uterine horns push into the body cavity + become surrounded by layer of peritoneum |
| broad ligament | • two layers of peritoneum sandwiched around the reproductive tract • continuous with peritoneal lining of body cavity; so, reproductive tract is extraperitoneal |
| general female reproductive tract anatomy | • series of interconnected tubes, all composed of similar layers |
| layers of female reproductive organs, outermost to innermose | 1. serosa 2. muscularis 3. submucosa 4. mucosa |
| serosa of female reproductive organs | • outer coating • single layer of squamous cells |
| muscularis of female reproductive organs | • smooth muscle layer, usually two layers • outer layer: longitudinal • inner layer: circular |
| submucosa of female reproductive organs | • varying thickness • blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics |
| mucosa of female reproductive organs | • surrounds hollow lumen of the organ • secretory epithelium, helps maintain consistent inner environment |
| main functions of the ovary | • produce gametes, estrogen, progesterone |
| minor hormones produced by the ovary | • oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, activin |
| tunica albuginea | • single layer of cuboidal cells on the outer surface of the ovary • sometimes called germinal epithelium - no function in germ cell production |
| ovarian cortex | • just within the tunica albuginea • houses oocytes and follicles (except in the mare) • location of functional corpus luteum and degenerating corpus albicans |
| ovarian medulla | • innermost layer • vasculature, nerves and lymphatics, connective tissue |
| interdigitated cervix | • in the sow: cervical protrusions lock together rather than being directly opposed as in the cow and ewe |
| ovulation fossa | • in the mare: specific zone where oocytes travel for ovulation |
| primordial follicle | • oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells • most immature |
| primary folicle | • single layer of cuboidal epithelium, aka follicular cells |
| secondary follicle | • multiple layers of follicular cells • appearance of zona pellucida around oocyte but no antrum yet |
| developing antral folicle / tertiary follicle | • appearance of antrum, cavity filled with follicular fluid adjacent to oocyte |
| antral follicle / dominant follicle | • aka pre-ovulatory / Graafian follicle • three distinct layers of follicular cells |
| three layers of follicular cells in the antral follicle, from outermost to innermost | 1. theca externa 2. theca interna 3. granulosa cell layer |
| theca externa | • connective tissue that surrounds and supports the fluid-filled follicle |
| theca interna | • produces androgens |
| granulosa cell layer | • aka membrana granulosa • separated from theca interna by basement membrane • produces estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid |
| process of ovulation in the ovary | • follicle collapses as blood vessels rupture, oocyte + fluid expelled • site progresses from corpus hemorrhagicum --> corpus luteum --> corpus albicans |
| corpus hemorrhagicum | • small protrusion of tissue + blood at the site and time of ovulation |
| corpus luteum | • after ovulation, theca interna + granulosa cells differentiate into luteal cells • "yellow bodies" • site of progesterone production |
| corpus albicans | • corpus leteum degenerates into "white bodies" if pregnancy does not occur |
| infundibulum of oviduct | • funnel-shaped opening that surrounds the ovary • surface covered with fimbriae, which sweep ovarian surface to catch ovulated oocyte and transport it to ostium |
| ostium | • opening from infundibulum to the oviduct |
| ampulla of oviduct | • larger part of the oviduct, one-half or more of its link |
| ampillary-isthmic junction | • area where oviduct becomes more narrow • junction ill-defined but considered the site of fertilization • in the mare: thick, muscular well serves as control point for transport |
| uterotubal junction | • juncture of oviduct and uterus • in the cow: believed to regulate embryonic movement through physical kink + estradiol production |
| duplex uterus | • two cervical canals, each horn is separate + distinct • marsupials (opossum), rabbit |
| bicornate uterus | • two uterine horns, small uterine body • external + internal uterine bifurcation • cow, ewe, sow, mare |
| simplex uterus | • single uterine body • primates |
| layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost | 1. serosal layer / perimetrium 2. myometrium 3. endometrium |
| uterine serosal layer / perimetrium | • part of the peritoneum • thin, almost transparent |
| myometrium | • longitudinal (circular) smooth muscle layer, provides motility • in species other then the mare: high degree of tone when estrogen is high |
| uterine tone | • firmness or tension of the myometrium • related to sperm transport • progesterone --> low tone for fetal expulsion during parturition |
| endometrium | • uterine mucosa and submucosa • mucosal epithelium + uterine glands secrete with full capacity with progesterone • in primates: sloughed if pregnancy does not occur (menstruation) |
| caruncles | • in ruminants: non-glandular protuberances on the endometrial surface • highly vascularized, becomes maternal portion of placenta |
| endometrial folds | • in the sow and mare: provide surface for placental development |
| cervix | • thick-walled, non-compliant organ between the uterus + vagina • anatomy differs among species, generally cervical canal (lumen) surrounded by folds / rings • vital to sperm transport, also isolates conceptus from external environment during pregnancy |
| cervix - cow + ewe | • several rings whose finger-like projections are directly opposed • produces mucus during estrus to lubricate vagina and remove foreign material introduced through copulation |
| cervix - sow | • interdigitated rings - boar has spiraled penis which locks into the cervix |
| cervix - mare | • loose folds of mucosa that protrude into vagina • soft during estrus |
| vagina | • copulatory organ, site of expulsion of urine during micturition • poorly organized muscular layer, well developed mucosal epithelium |
| fornix vagina | in the cow + mare: cervix protrudes into anterior vagina, forming a crypt at the end of the vagina • may be storage site for sperm |
| anterior vagina | • near cervix • columnar, highly secretory epithelium; some ciliated |
| posterior vagina | • aka vestibule, common between urinary + reproductive system |
| suburethral diverticulum | • in the cow + sow: small blind pouch between the urethra and posterior vagina |
| vulva | • female external genitalia made up of adipose tissue and small bundles of smooth muscle • perineum separates anus and vulva • clitoris is female homologue of glans penis |
| clitoris | • erectile tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium |
Created by:
junoreg
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