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Chapter 1
General Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agonist | A chemical substance that binds to and activates certain receptors on cells, causing a biological response |
| Contraindication | a specific situation in which a medicine, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person. |
| Efficacy | the ability of a treatment or intervention to produce a beneficial effect under ideal, controlled conditions |
| OTC drug | Can be purchased without a prescription |
| Prescription drug | an order for medicine which a doctor writes |
| Receptor | any molecule to which a drug binds, thus initiating an effector mechanism leading to a specific pharmacologic response |
| Therapeutic index | the relationship between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects |
| Veterinary-client-patient relationship | this must exist in order for dvm to prescribe medication |
| What are four sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine? | Animal products, plant material, minerals, synthetic products |
| What conditions must be met before a valid VCPR can be shown to exist? | 1. vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgements about the health of the animal, O agrees to listen 2. vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to diagnose, must have seen recently. 3. vet must be available for follow-up eval of p |
| What are four components of a drug regimen? | route of administration, total amount to give (dose), how often (frequency), how long drug is given (duration) |
| What is the difference between an OTC drug and rx drug? | OTC drugs-safe ingredients, low concentration of active ingredient, no need for supervision, no risk of toxicity rx- greater potential for toxic effects, cannot be approved for use without dvm |
| What are the responsibilities of an LVT in the administration of drug orders? | Confirming correct drug, correct route and correct time, observe response to drug, questioning unclear orders, creating and affixing labels to containers, explain instructions to O, record info in medical record |
| Describe the sequence of events a drug under goes from absorption to excretion | Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, binds to plasma proteins or remains free, then distributed to tissues. It enters interstitial fluid, reaches cells, and interacts w receptors. Then returns to the blood, goes to the liver for metabolism, and is final |
| List 11 routes of administration | PO, IV, IM, SQ, IP, ID, IA, intraarticular, IC, intramedullary, epidural.subdural |
| Disadvantage and advantage: oral administration | Cannot give to vomiting patients. Not absorbed as quickly, but the digestive track has a large absorptive area with a rich blood supply. |
| Disadvantage and advantage: IV administration | rapid onset, shortest duration |
| Disadvantage and advantage: IM | slower than IV and painful, usually provides a longer duration of action |
| Disadvantage and advantage: SQ | Slower onset, slightly longer duration |
| Disadvantage and advantage: IP | Not always practical, risky for puncture of abdominal organs. onset times variable but can be useful when other administration options are unavailable |
| Disadvantage and advantage: ID | ideal for allergy and TB testing but requires a lot of skill to do properly |
| Disadvantage and advantage: IA | High risk of complications and rarely used but can deliver large concentration of a drug |
| Disadvantage and advantage: Intraarticular | Risk of joint damage but can also provide fast localized treatment |
| Disadvantage and advantage: IC | immediate access to the bloodstream, can be hard for owners to witness |
| Disadvantage and advantage: Intramedullary | can provide access to small animals with damaged veins or for treatment of animals with low BP |
| Disadvantage and advantage: Intrathetcal/epidural/subdural | High risk and invasive but provides direct access to CNS to bypass blood-brain barrier |
| What are some factors that influence drug absorption? | Mechanism of absorption, pH and ionization status of the drug, absorptive surface area, blood supply to the area, solubility of drug, dosage form, status of GI tract, interaction with other drugs |
| Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular _________ | receptors |
| What are the six items that must be included on a drug label? | Drug names both generic and trade, drug concentration and quantity, name and address of manufacturer, controlled substance status (if applicable), manufacturer's control or lot number, drug expiration date |
| What are 3 government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products? | FDA, EPA, USDA |
| Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs they use? | drug sales are an important source of income |
| Describe the marketing of animal health products? | purchased directly from manufacturer, from distributors or from generic mail order companies. Drugs may also be sold under one label to veterinarians and under another as an over-the-counter product |
| What is the purpose of FARAD? | Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank. Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals |
| Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of Congress? | AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act) |
| Define compounding | Any manipulation performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the ways described in the directions for use on the labeling. |
| What are potential dangers of residues in animal products? | Can cause allergic reactions in people and may cause development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria |
| What are 3 classes of drug interactions? | Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic or pharmaceutic |
| Drug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by the ______________ | Liver |
| Define ethical product | Sold only through veterinarians as a policy of manufacturer |
| Once a drug has been biotransformed it is called a _________ | Metabolite |
| An (a) _____ is a reason to use a drug | Indication |
| Six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs | incinerate unwanted drugs, sent to landfill if incineration is not possible, do not flush, maintain close inventory, follow state and federal guidelines, educate clients on proper disposal |
| The _____ of a drug represents the degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient. | efficacy |
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kirajade2997
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