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ZChem Phar410
ZFundamentals of Drug Action and Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| R-O-R | ether |
| N- surrounded by 3 R's | amine |
| R-C=O with NR2 | amide |
| H-C=O substituent (1 carbon) | formyl |
| CH3-C=O substituent (2 carbons) | acetyl |
| Ch3Ch2-C=O substituent (3 carbons) | propionyl |
| Ch3 (Ch2)14-C=O (16 carbons) | palmitoyl |
| RO- | alkoxy (methoxy, propoxy, butoxy etc) |
| benzene ring-O substituent | phenoxy |
| HS- substituent | thiol |
| heteroatom prefixes for O, S, N | O=Oxa; S= thia; N=aza |
| hydrophobic is polar or apolar? | apolar; think ao hydrocarbons (like gasoline); doesnt like water |
| do hyrophobic substances pass thru cell membranes easily? | Yes,because cell membranes are lipid bilayer |
| bonding between 2 water molecules | inter |
| bonding between the H and O in water molecule | intra; covalent; much stronger than intermolcular forces |
| a weak interraction of molecules at a certain distance | Van der Waals |
| drugs with hydrogen bonds are more soluble in? | water |
| F-H...F; what does the dotted line represent? | hydrogen bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and another atom; ex: 2 water molecules are attached by a hydrogen bond |
| the association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution is known as what? | hydrophobic interractions or hydrophobic bonding |
| dominant force in protein folding and determining 3D shape of proteins | hydrophobic interractions (formation is entropic)water molecules dont want to associate with non-polars so they are excluded |
| besylate is what? | benzene sulfonic acid; a counter-ion, can be substituted with chloride |
| 3 major dietary components | carbs, roteins, lipids |
| carbs are stored as? | glycogen |
| carbs have | mono, oligo, and polymers |
| do lipids have polymers? | no, primarily stored as triglycerides |
| primary and secondary fuel source | 1=carb; 2nd = lipid |
| most abundant organic compound found in nature | carbs |
| carb monomer | monosaccharide |
| carb oligomer | disaccharide (composed of 2 monomers)ex; sucrose= fructose and glucose |
| carb polymers | glycogen- stored in muscle and liver; starch- digestible carb component;fiber-not digestible |
| glucose is what type of carb? | monosaccharide used to generate energy for cells |
| glucose reserve | glycogen; 80g stored in liver, 150g in liver |
| by products of carb metabolism | CO2 and H2O |
| major divisions of fatty acids | saturated and unsaturated |
| essential fatty acid | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| the omega nomenclature is used in which type of fatty acid? | unsaturated; counting from the end, the point at which the first double bond occurs |
| proteins are functional or structural? | Both, primarily functinal (enzymes) but also structural (muscle) excess NOT stored but can be used as fuek during muscle breakdown |
| hydrophobic molecule with specific chemical structure | steroid |
| the major dietary input of steroids | cholesterol |
| 2 important roles of steroids | hormones and structural components of cell membranes |
| fat soluble vitamins | A,D,E,K |
| finction as co-enzymes in some metabolic reactions | vitamins |
| chemical elements or ions; play variety of physiological roles | inorganic minerals |
| 4 major electrolyte cations | Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ |
| 3 major electrolyte anions | Cl-, HCO3-, PO4--- |
| small synthetic organic molecules that can be derived from any of the other biomolecules | DRUGS |
| small units linked together to make a big molecule | polymeric macromolecules |
| 3 polymeric macromolecules | Carbs, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
| chemicals | steroid, peptide, catecholamine, protein, amino acid, fatty acid, ion |
| functions of chemicals | hormone, neurotransmitter, enzyme, receptor, channel, pump, ligand, electrolyte |
| fatty acids with no double bonds | saturated |
| fatty acids with some double bonds | unsaturated or Omega fatty acids |
| CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH | Glycerol |
| glycerol become a triglyceride when what is attached | C=O with long hydrocarbon |
| enzymes, receptors, hormones, muscle fibers arae functions of what chemical or structure? | proteins |
| polymeric macromolecules of nucleic acids | chromosomes (molecules of information) |
| monomers of nucleic acid | nucleotides (sugar, base, phosphate)- nucleotides also serve as co-factors and signaling molecules |
| polymers of nucleic acids | Dna and RNA |
| Steroids are often lumped in with which group | lipids; both hydrophobic |
| major dietary steroid | cholesterol |
| chlosterol plays a role in what 3 things? | Bile acid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, and cell membranes |
| What do bile salts do? | they have polar end that helps aid in digestion of fats; break them down for better absorption |
| required in small amounts in order to maintain cell function | vitamins; cannot be synthesized from other dietary raw minerals or metabolites |
| also serve as co-factors and enzymes | vitamins |
| the simplest class of biomolecules | inorganic molecules; majority are monovalent or bivalent |
| 4 ions that play crucial roles as electrolytes | Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl- ; also the most abundant in diet |
| ions used as charges to modulate electrostatic potential of membranes; firing of neuron and action of muscle | electrolytes |
| plays key role in cell signaling | Ca++ |
| Catalyst in variety of enzymes; key structural role in stabilizing DNA | Mg++ |
| most abundant anion INSIDE cell | PO4---; phospholipids, ATP, enzymes, RNA, DNA |
| anion for buffering and maintenance of physiological pH | bicarbonate HCO3- |
| milligram % | mg/100mL |
| High extracellular mEq's | Na+ 142; Cl- 103 |
| High Intracellular mEq's | K+ 140; Mg++ ;phosphates 75 |
| Na+ Extra/ intra | 142/10 |
| K+ Extra/ Intra | 4/ 140 |
| Ca++ Extra/ Intra | 5/ <1 |
| Mg++ Extra/ Intra | 3/ 58 |
| Cl- Extra/ Intra | 103/ 4 |
| HCO3- Extra/ Intra | 28/10 higher in blood; as buffer |
| Phosphates Extra/ Intra | 4/75 high inside cells with DNA and enzyme activator |
| SO4-- Extra/ Intra | 1/2 |
| daily value of carbs/ day | 300g; 25 g dietary fiber |
| DV of fats/ day | saturated 20g; unsaturated 45 |
| Protein DV | 50g |
| cholesterol DV | 300 mg |
| an ion is an electrolyte if it has what | a channel |
| not all ions are electrolytes ; T/F | true, but all electrolytes are ions (they carry a charge) |
| the formula weight of a compound in grams | mole |
| concentration of electrolytes in solution | equivalents; electrolytes per mole--- example: MgCl2 has 2 EQ. Look at each side separately, Mg has 1 atom at a charge of 2; 1x2=2. Cl has 2 atoms at a charge of 1; 2x1=2 |
| Equivalents of cations and anions in solution will always be equal, T/F? | True |
| how many osmoles are in MgCl2? | 3; the number of osmoles is the number of particles per mole so when the molecule dissociates, it leaves 1 Mg and 2 Cl particles |
| OSMOLE formula | MW(g)/ particles ; This is to calculated osmoles, not osmolarity |
| Osmolarity | weight(g) x particles x 1000/MW ; make sure to look at liters and divide/ multiply answer accordingly |
| mEq formula | mg x valence/MW |
| how to calculate mg from mEq's | mg= mEq x MW/ valence |
Created by:
angieryx