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ANTH 1001
Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| life history theory | Individuals seek to optimize investment at their given stage of life to ensure their survival and reproductive success, lot of tradeoffs |
| hunter gather / forager societies | societies whose main mode of subsistence (or means of getting food) comes from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants, with limited or no domesticated plants or animals |
| fixed energy budget | Can’t do everything at once! • Childhood: energy => growth • Adulthood: energy => reproductive effort mating effort, gestation, lactation, protecting offspring, paternal investment |
| altricial | being hatched or born or having young that are hatched or born in a very immature and helpless condition so as to require care for some time |
| precocial | an animal species whose young are relatively mature and mobile at birth or shortly thereafter, requiring minimal parental care |
| inter-birth intervals (IBI) | the period in between two consecutive births key metric of female reproductive success, often studied to understand how environmental, social, and demographic factors influence reproductive strategies |
| alloparenting | care provided by individuals other than parents |
| inclusive fitness | direct fitness + indirect fitness individual's fitness. + fitness gained through relatives |
| geological timescale | eon era period epochs ages |
| continental rifting | the process where the lithosphere of a continent thins and stretches, is significant because it shapes landscapes, |
| Milankovitch cycles | the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years |
| glaciation | the periods within an ice age marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances, which have shaped landscapes, influenced global climate, and impacted human evolution and adaptation |
| crown | the group encompassing all descendants (both living and extinct) of the last common ancestor of all living primates |
| stem | extinct, basal primate taxa that are more closely related to a crown group (a group of living primates) than to any other living crown group, existing only in the fossil record |
| nomenclature of the apes | kingdom phylum class order super family family subfamily tribe genus species |
| hominins | all who are on the human lineage |
| bipedalism | the habitual or primary mode of locomotion where an organism, especially a hominin, moves using two legs, rather than four, which is characteristic of quadrupedal animals. |
| obligate bipedalism | a form of locomotion where an organism's primary and most efficient way of moving is on two legs, they have no need to use 4 legs |
| postural feeding | bipedalism, or the ability to walk upright, may have initially evolved as a feeding posture, enabling hominids to reach for and balance on branches while foraging for food |
| Romer's rule | An amphibian is just a fish trying to stay a fish (going from puddle to puddle, trying to stay in the water. Likewise, a hominin is just a chimp trying to remain a chimp (going from fruit tree to fruit tree, trying to eat) |
| Holocene | 12 Kya - present |
| Pleistocene | 2.6 Ma - 12 Kya |
| Pliocene | 5.3 Ma - 2.6 Ma |
| Miocene | 23 Ma - 5.3 Ma |
| positional repertoire | the range of locomotor and postural behaviors a species or individual exhibits, encompassing how they move and support their body weight in different situations |
| arboreal | animals that primarily live in trees, adapting to a life that involves climbing and swinging between branches |
| terrestrial | the study of primates and hominids that primarily live on land |
| Paranthropus | an extinct genus of hominins (robust australopithecines) known for their massive jaws, large teeth, and thick dental enamel |
| morphology of Paranthropus | robust skulls, with a prominent gorilla-like sagittal crest along the midline—which suggest strong chewing muscles—and broad, herbivorous teeth used for grinding |
| postorbital constriction | the narrowing of the skull, specifically the cranium, just behind the eye sockets (orbits) |
| sexual dimorphism | the distinct physical differences between males and females of the same species, often related to reproduction and survival, that can manifest in anatomy, physiology, and behavior |
| material culture | things made or used by humans, that reflect behavior ad culture sometime referred to as artifacts tool use is not rare but tool making is rare |
| culture | Learned and shared behavior that is passed on from generation to generation |
| cultures | Different learned traditions across groups (populations) |
| archaeological record | All the material remains and evidence of human life collected and studied by archaeologists |
| Oldowan | The name for the earliest widely recognized stone tool industry, dating to about 2.9 million years ago |
| core | A larger rock that flakes are chipped off of to make tools. can also be used as a tool |
| flake | A thin piece that breaks off from a core—often used as a tool itself. |
| flake scar | The mark left behind on a core after a flake has been removed |
| ripple marks | Curved lines on the flake that show how force traveled through the rock when it was hit |
| point of percussion | A mark left at the point where the core was struck |
| bulb of percussion | A bump on the flake created as force travels through the rock |
| platform | The flat spot where the rock was hit to break off the flake |
| techno-organic evolution | When tools take over jobs that the body used to do through anatomy or behavior |
| carnivore tooth marks | mark on the surface of bones that are U shaped shallow in depth smooth internal surface |
| hominin stone tool cut marks | mark on the surface of bones that are V shaped deep in depth striated internal surface |
| what it means to be in the genus homo | large brain obligate bipeds complex tool use fully opposable thumbs reduced dentition greatly reduced canines reduced prognathism gracile morphology |
| ER 1470 | has Australopith face, with molars the size of africanus, but with bigger brain |
| ER 1813 | has more derived (more modern) traits of smaller face & smaller teeth, but also smaller brain |
| the Piltdown man hoax | the missing link was in 500 kya - A human-like skull in Pleistocene gravel pits near Piltdown, East Sussex. - Big Buzz and Controversy: age of fossils, composition of skull -exposed in 1953 |
| locomotor efficiency | - increased home ranges - less restriction to specific habitats. - increased scavenging/hunting opportunities - Increased meat eating also offers energetic benefits increased sharing opportunities |
| vitamin A | poisoning occurs when toxic levels of vitamin ---- build up in the body, especially from consuming animal liver |
| parasites | early hominins may have acquired tapeworms by eating herbivore meat infected with carnivore tapeworm cysts |
| the expensive tissue hypothesis | The introduction of higher- quality foods like meat supported the evolution of bigger brains as humans evolved smaller guts. (Aiello & Wheeler, 1995) |
| food sharing | meat consumption is significant human hunters rely on this due to the high probability of a failed hunt on any given day |
| Technological Change | hypotheses for home range expansion: evolution of the Acheulean tradition out of the Oldowan? Lithics at Dmanisi ressemble the Oldowan, NOT the Acheulean NOT the main factor that enabled H. erectus to migrate out of Africa Hypothesis Rejected |
| Following Fauna | hypotheses for home range expansion Expansion of African Faunas – hominins following other animals - mammals found in hominin sites in Africa were missing from Dmanisi - suggests hominin were not following animals out of Africa hypothesis rejected |
| Size increase | hypotheses for home range expansion Brain/Body Size Increase? -increased brain and body size did not enable H. Erectus to move out of Africa - hypothesis rejected |
| mating system changes | hypotheses for home range expansion Shifts to pair-bonding & monogamy? -argues against pair-bonding mating systems -suggests that dimorphism is extremely high if the Dmanisi sample represents a single species -hypothesis rejected |
| surviving to old age | hypotheses for home range expansion Older individuals transmit more knowledge base and increased cooperation? -elderly individuals may be key for group survival by transmitting knowledge and increasing cooperation - cannot reject hypothesis |
| trophic level increase | hypotheses for home range expansion more meat eating - evidence of Dmanisi hominins hunting and butchering medium sized mammals -allows for more food sharing and for them to be more social - cannot reject hypothesis |
| committed bipedalism | hypotheses for home range expansion Committed and efficient bipedalism? -leg to arm ratio is the same as in modern humans - could have engaged in persistence hunting allowing for more meat access -cannot reject hypothesis |
| rejected hypotheses | technological change following fauna size increase mating system changes |
| hypotheses that cannot be rejected | surviving to old age trophic level increase committed bipedalism |
| simple residential mobility | - Moving while foraging - Consuming food as you go along - Not having a consistent home base - No delayed food consumption or food sharing |
| central place foraging | early hominins gathered food and brought it back to a central location (home base) for delayed consumption and social sharing, leading to a shift towards more complex social and cooperative behaviors |
| logistical mobility | A foraging strategy in which a group moves residences over time, but individuals make planned trips (logistical forays) from a central base to collect resources, sometimes using temporary transit camps near resource sites |
| Oldowan | - Stone transport 3-5 km avg, up to 12 km max - indicates increased foresight and planning of movement - tools associated with immediate carcass access |
| Acheulean | - transport jumps to 12 km, up to 80+ km max - shows greater planning depth and long-distance logistical forays - tools may be carried long distances for future use |
| zone of latent solutions | the range of behaviors an individual can invent or recreate on their own, without needing social learning or cultural transmission |
| the local rules of stone flaking | The Oldowan requires the cognition to follow special rules, but only to make one flake at a time |
| early Acheulean | - Large bifacial core-tools – thicker and less refined - Time Range: 1.76 Ma in Africa, then into Eurasia, to 100 kya - Hominin Associations: H. erectus and later taxa - Made by hard hammer |
| late Acheulean | - thinner and more symmetrical - shaped with finer control - time range: 0.6 Ma to present - hominin Associations: H. heidelbergensis and later taxa - made by soft hammer (antler) |
| social learning | is acquiring knowledge of skill by observing or interacting with others |
| Triadic attention | means being able to share focus with someone on something else. It is the ability to understand that someone is directing your focus toward a shared object |
| fire | a multipurpose tool that reshaped how hominins lived, moved, and adapted to their environments, cooking, heat, light protection |
| shaping wood | Around the same time we see solid evidence for fire (after 1.0 Ma), we also find the earliest known shaped ------- artifacts |
| morphology | the study of the form and structure of organisms, including their physical characteristics and the arrangement of their parts |
| Paleontology | the study of the history of life on earth as it is preserved in fossils (plants, animals, microbes) All life |
| Archaeology | the study of humans in the past and present through the physical evidence of their behavior (including material culture) human activity |
| paleoanthropology | the study of human evolution through the fossil and archaeological records |
| paleontological site | a location on the landscape where fossils are preserved. |
| archaeological site | a location on the landscape where the remains of past human activity are preserved |
| fossils | are the preserved remains of plants and animals. there are 2 types: body trace |
| fossilization | Fossils are formed after an animal dies, decomposes, and is covered in sediment |
| taphonomy | is the study of the processes that affect the state of an organism’s remains from the time an organism dies until the time the fossil remains are recovered |
| aeolian | airborne |
| lacustrine | lake |
| alluvium | river/stream |
| colluvium | hill |
| karstic systems | a landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble bedrock, like limestone, creating features such as sinkholes, caves, underground rivers, and springs |
| rock shelters | natural formations that served as early human activity sites during the Pleistocene, providing protection and habitable spaces for ancient populations |
| cave systems | a naturally formed network of interconnected caves and passages, often formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, that have been used or adapted by humans, or that contain evidence of human activity |
| stratigraphy | is the branch of geology that studies rock layers (strata) and their formation, composition, and relationships over time. |
| relative dating | how old something is in relation to something else |
| absolute (chronometric) dating | how old something is in years before present |
| types of relative dating techniques | lithostratigraphy tephrostratigraphy biostratigraphy paleomagnetism |
| types of absolute dating techniques using radioactive decay | potassium-argon (argon-argon) radiocarbon dendrochronology uranium series |
| types of absolute dating techniques using electron trap | thermoluminescence optically stimulated luminescence OSL |
| lithostratigraphy | uses the correlation of rock units to estimate the relative age of different areas |
| cross-cutting relationships | A layer that cuts across others is younger than those it cuts |
| superposition | Younger layers are deposited on top of older layers |
| tephrostratigraphy | is a type of lithostratigraphy that uses volcanic ash layers to match rock layers across different sites and determine their relative age |
| biostratigraphy | using any fauna (animal) remains present in the sediments with known appearances in the fossil record, you can obtain a biostratigraphic estimate for the site |
| paleomagnetism | is the study of the Earth's past magnetic field recorded in rocks, which helps date rock layers based on changes in magnetic direction over time |
| potassium-argon | measures the decay of potassium into argon in volcanic rock • Material: K-bearing minerals like glass, clay minerals, and tephra • Range: 10,000 years ago to 4.5 billion years • ---- is an advanced measurement of traditional K-Ar to date tiny samples |
| argon-argon dating | applied to sediments deposited from volcanic events, like ash |
| radiocarbon | measures the decay of carbon-14 in once-living things. • Materials: Organic materials like wood, unfossilized bone, seeds, or shell. • Range: 200 years to <55,000 years |
| dendrochronology | is the study of tree ring patterns to determine the age of trees and calibrate radiocarbon dates. |
| uranium series | --- dating measures the decay of uranium into other elements in materials like cave formations • Range : hundreds to millions of years • Material: carbonate sediments like stalagmites and flowstone in caves, - useful for dating calcium carbonates |
| thermoluminescence TL | Measures the last time a stone was exposed to high heat. • Material: quartz, burnt stone tools, fired pottery • Range: 100 to 1,000,000 years |
| Optically stimulated luminescence OSL | Measures the last time a grain of sand was exposed to sunlight • Material: Single grains of sand (quartz), feldspar, pottery • Range: 1000 to 400,000 years |
| context | a site without this is useless |
| morphology of Australopithecus | apelike face proportions (a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower jaw) and brain case (with a small brain, usually less than 500 cubic centimeters -- about 1/3 the size of a modern human brain), and long, strong arms with curved fingers |
| Australopithecus | an extinct genus of early hominins (human relatives) that lived in Africa during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs (roughly 4.2 to 1.9 million years ago), exhibiting both ape-like and human-like traits, important in the evolution of the Homo genus |
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