Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Paleopathology 2
Midterm 2 studying: weeks 6-11 (trauma, neoplasm, congenital cond., paleoparas)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) | A disease of the osteoclasts, causing excessive resorption, which in turn causes increase osteoblast activity. However, the newly formed bone is improperly built ("disorganized") resulting in fragile, abnormal bone. Confirmed with radiology and histology |
| Neoplasms are more common in | Males; people over 60 (over half of all cases) with increasing risk over 75 |
| Three stages of Paget's disease | Lytic (active): breakdown of skull (osteoporosis circumscripta), long bones (beginning subchondrally; flame sign) Mixed: lysis and sclerosis are co-occurring Sclerotic (inactive): enlarging of affected bones ie cortical thickening and hardening |
| Undifferentiated neoplasm | "anaplastic" ie not resembling any particular cell |
| Differentiated neoplasm | Cells resemble tissue from which it arose |
| Sarcoma | Malignant tumor originating from mesenchymal cells (connective tissue; bone, cartilage) |
| Carcinoma | Malignant tumor originating from epithelial cells of any organ or tissue (more common) |
| Cancer in modern vs ancient times | Assumed to be modern condition due to: higher life expectancy, more carcinogens. However, with research: cancer often missed due to taphonomy or the researchers just not looking for it, thus distribution in arch contexts reflects interests not prevalence |
| Benign tumors in paleopathology | 1. lack of osteolytic activity, 2. sclerotic margin from slow growth |
| Malignant tumors in paleopathology | high osteolytic and osteoblastic activity; 1. Howships's lacunae and disorganized deposition "permeative destruction with 2. gradual zone of transition away from normal bone structure" ; 3. onion-skin pattern, 4. Codman's triangle, 5. sunburst lesions |
| Malignant (primary) bone cancers are disproportionately common in who and why | in adolescents; assumed to be related to hormonal changes during puberty (genetic factors such as sex and ancestry over environmental factors) |
| Most common subadult (14 or younger) cancers | of the CNS, lymphoblastic leukemia, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; ^fr(mal): osteosarcomas; ^fr(ben): giant-cell tumours |
| Notably juvenile-dominant cancers | thyroid carcinomas, testicular germ-cell tumours, Ewing's sarcoma |
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis | Immune disorder where Langerhans cells accumulate forming a tumor-like mass which may appear as lytic bone lesions , typically flat bones (skull, ribs, pelvis); most commonly observed "cancer" of archaeological subadults |
| Osteoma | Osteomas are benign lesions "borderline neoplastic" of dense lamellar bone (limits marrow space) |
| Differentiate between Ivory and Osteoid osteoma | Ivory are often in the cranium, typically asymptomatic growth of compact bone, may compress nearby structures; Osteoid often occur in femur/tibia/long bones, painful growth surrounded by reactive bone, responds well to normal painkillers/anti inflamatory |
| Osteosarcoma | malignant osteogenic (inherently sarcoma bc bones originate from mesenchymal cells) tumor; more common in males, peak in puberty then elderly (Paget's), often involves distal femur, prox. tibia/humerus, lethal w/o treatment; woven, sunburst appearance |
| Myeloma | Tumour originating in the bone marrow plasma, most common primary mal. tumor of the skeleton, mostly in people 50-60yrs |
| Myelomatosis | The condition of multiple myeloma; widespread lesions with multiple origins in multiple marrow cavities of the skeleton |
| Stafne defect | NOT NEOPLASTIC--a normal variant of the mandible despite appearing as a large depression is completely benign and asymptomatic |
| When do the major growth spurts generally occur | 1. first 2yrs after birth (fastest from birth to 1yr); 2. beginning puberty (F8-13; M9-14) |
| What conditions of dwarfism are associated with skeletal abnormalities | Achondroplasia and Turner's syndrome |
| Turner's syndrome | only occurs in females; the OX chromosome or partial condition. Skeletal differences include: short in length (including MCs and MTs not phalanges), delayed epiphyses fusion, osteoporosis, out-turned elbows, craniofacial abnormalities (retrognathic jaws) |
| Achondroplasia | classic dwarfism, most common non-lethal osteodysplasia, auto dom condition; rhizomelic shortening of the extremities, narrow spinal column, short verts, lumbar lordosis, frontal bossing |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | a "brittle bone" disease causing osteoporosis and fragility, caused by defects in collagen production genes. wormian bones are common in the skull, as well as transverse secondary fractures, scoliosis, short stature, and bowed limbs |
| Linear Enamel Hypoplasia | most common hypoplastic defect; appears as a restricted band in the front teeth (I, C, P, sometimes M1). result of stressors such as diseases or nutritional deficiencies, follow the perikymata reflecting disruption to the building of the tooth |
| Harris Lines | sclerotic, transverse growth arrest lines in meta-/dia-physes of long bones (tibia). may be remodeled during bone turnover but remain in archaeological contexts if the individual didn't live long enough to experience remodeling |
| Craniosynostosis | The premature fusion of cranial sutures; the skull may become misshapen as the brain fully forms |
| (positional) plagiocephaly | may be a consequence of craniosynostosis; positional is the flattening due to leaving baby on back too long |
| Micro and macrocephaly | small head (2SD below avg); large head |
| Two kinds of macrocephaly | Due to larger brain (familial megencephaly) or increased brain pressure due to fluid (hydrocephalus) |
| Anencephaly | lack of part of brain/skull; maybe be a large portion--does not allow for independent living and most children die soon after birth |
| Osteopetrosis | Osteoclast failure leading to lack of resorption -> leads to dense brittle sclerotic bones, "bone within bone" appearance, may experience recurring infections |
| Gigantism vs acromegaly | a "giant" = 3SD or greater than avg height. Pituitary gigantism occurs before/during puberty and results from oversecretion of growth hormone (adenoma). Acromegaly similarly results from GH but after epiphyses have fused |
| lithopaedion: Lithokelyphos, Lithokelyphopedion, Lithotecnon | when ectopic pregnancy calcifies: only the membrane, child and membrane, only child |
| Using teeth for age estimation | Juvenile: stages of tooth development and eruption are generally predictable; Adult: dental wear can indicate general age but differs based on diet |
| Dental caries "cavities" | Lesions in teeth caused by bacteria breaking down food (sugar) and producing acids that eat away at enamel |
| Dental abscess | infection of tooth root (periapical; cavities or trauma) or gums (periodontal; gum disease or trapped food) causing painful swollen node of pus at site; can cause serious complications including death if not treated |
| Periapical granuloma | looks like an abscess but is due to a CHRONIC infection of a non-vital tooth and is not nearly as painful to live with |
| Odontogenic cysts | closed cysts of the alveolar process that may be of air or fluid. formed from tissues involved in odontogenesis. tumours may also form |
| Dental agenesis: hypodontia, oligodontia, anodontia; hyperdontia | congenitally missing teeth: 1-6 teeth (excluding wisdom teeth), more than 6 missing, no teeth formed; supernumerary tooth development |
| Edentulism and AMTL | toothlessness from disease, trauma, etc -> AMTL is seen when the alveolar bone resorbs ie the individual has been alive enough after tooth loss for the socket to close |
| Oroantral fistula | the pathological epithelization of the mouth and maxillary sinus due to trauma (including surgery) |
| Periodontal disease | gum disease -> gum pulls away from teeth and teeth are loosened even lost, caused by overaccumulation of calculus; risk factors=smoking, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, some medications |
| Dental calculus | produced when food and saliva related biofilm calcifies, leaving hard deposit on teeth (typically near gums). can be used in archaeological biomolecule studies |
| Early-Childhood Caries | common condition of modern world; deciduous teeth more susceptible enamel also use of night bottles and teething toys allow build up on front--only--teeth |
| Dental use wear | changes in teeth due to using them as a tool (to hold things) ie sewing/weaving implements, pipes |
| Dental modification | cultural behaviors of tooth blackening, gem/metal in-lays, filing |
| Sanger sequencing | the original seq method; low capacity esp for multiple/complex samples, and requires more equipment (multiple tubes). only cost effective for small projects. ddNTPs produce fragments of varying length by combining randomly, eachis analyzed individually |
| NGS/high-throughput sequencing | Newer technology, many frag sequenced simultaneously, best for complex/multiple samples. NTPs labelled w fluorescence which can be read in real time and sequenced in parallel |
| Life cycle of Yersinia pestis | rodents carry fleas -> fleas bite person A -> person A experiences BUBONIC plague -> is transmitted to person B thru mucus particles -> person B experiences PNEUMONIC plague -> progression of disease in person A or B -> spread to blood (SEPTICEMIC) |
| Known pandemics of Y. pestis | 1. Plague of Justinian 6-8th cen, Byzantium 2. the Black Death 14-17th cen, "Europe" 3. the Third Plague Pandemic 1890s-mid20th cen, global but particularly Asia |
| 4 infectious diseases that can impact bone | Tuberculosis, brucellosis, leprosy, treponemal disease |
| 4 main goals for molecular paleoparasitology | 1. confirm presence 2. study phylogeny/evolution 3. determine transmission patterns 4. study diet access diversity (for archaeology, paleoecology, and climate studies) |
| In what tissues/materials are paleoparasites found and studied (5) | coprolites (feces fossils), mummified tissues, calcified tissues (ie gallstones), gut soil samples, latrine soil samples |
| Echinococcosis | larval Echinococcus granulosus from dogs/livestock -> forms hydatid cyst in organs, soft tissues, and trabecular bone -> clastic rxn w/o inflam (asymp until fracture) -> maybe loss of local blood flow ; cysts may calcify becoming archaeological evidence! |
| Direct vs indirect trauma | direct: at point of force contact; indirect not exactly at point of contact |
| Sharp vs blunt force trauma | Sharp instrument incl penetration, surgery (trepanation, amputation); blunt object incl falling, car crash/being thrown |
| Most common types of fractures | transverse, spiral, oblique, crush |
| Greenstick/torus fracture | the incomplete fracture in juveniles known for its similar appearance to the breaking of a young stick; the cortex breaks but not the medullary cavity; torus is a specific greenstick caused by compression aka "buckle fracture" often in wrists from falling |
| Stages of bone healing | 1. HEMATOMA blood and swelling (days) 2. SOFT CALLUS mesh rejoining of soft tissues (weeks) 3. BONY CALLUS calcification of soft callus (months) 4. REMODELLING increased c/blastic activity to restore OG structure, strength, function |
| Osteomyelitis in bone healing | fracture healing -> staph infects fracture; prefers long bone epiphyses where it causes necrosis. w/o treatment bone won't heal -> periosteum might even calcify around infection |
| Signs of peri-mortem fracture | Lack of healing, same colour as the outside bone,; bending/denting, no odd/unnatural right angles (splintering as occurs in wet bone) |
Created by:
camiebio
Popular Anthropology sets