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Natural Resources
Todd's final exam study info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This is one way to calculate pressure loss due to friction: | Hazen-williams equation |
| How would you change the pipe to reduce pressure loss due to friction? | Increase pipe size |
| 2 basic factors that determine pressure loss due to friction: | velocity, roughness, length |
| Max water velocity for a pipe system that you design (ft/s) | 5 |
| 4 weather measurements needed for reference ET? | air temperature, humidity, radiation, wind |
| Used to calculate crop and reference ET? | crop coefficient |
| 2 different reference crops | alfalfa, turf |
| T/F: the crop coefficient increases as the crop grows | T |
| horizontal distance between 2 drain lines (laterals): | spacing |
| The rate in which you wish to drain the water is called: | drainage coefficient |
| To achieve the same drainage rate with shallower drain lines you have to ____________ the spacing. | increase |
| disadvantage of subsurface drainage? | disposal of water, leaching of nutrients |
| 2 processes that can reduce the amount of pollutant sent downstream: | reducing flow and concentration |
| T/F: reduce the hypoxic zone in the gulf of Mexico by reducing nitrate-nitrogen | T |
| We can reduce the amount of water sent downstream by using: | saturated buffers, wetlands, cover crops |
| Ways we can reduce the concentration of nitrate sent downstream: | wood chip bioreactors, 4R Nitrogen management |
| What nutrient affects fresh water bodies? | phosphorus |
| T/F: the goal of irrigation is to water plants (water must get to and stay in the root zone) | T |
| T/F: The fraction of applied water that gets stored in the root zone is the application efficiency | T |
| T/F: Zone emitters all operate at the same time | True |
| T/F: an irrigation system that applies water uniformly will always apply it efficiently. | F |
| 5 steps of the 5-step program for preventing emitter clogging: | component selection (emitters), filtration, chemical injection, flushing, monitoring |
| How is a drainage ditch different from a grassed waterway? | A drainage ditch is built for more of a constant flow rate and for longer flow duration. |
| Soil is made from: | 25% water, 25% air, 3% organic material, 47% minerals |
| Soil water moved from ______ to _____ potential | high, low |
| Benefits of subsurface drainage: | increased infiltration, soils warm faster, reduced yield year to year variability |
| What is the golden rule of drainage? | drain only what is needed for production and not a drop more |
| T/F: System layout determines the uniformity or drainage | T (random, parallel, and herringbone systems) |
| T/F: conservation drainage is the emerging set of designs and practices to maintain the benefits of conventional ag drainage while addressing water quality and flow issues. | T |
| The pump on drainage systems provides: | flow and pressure |
| T/F: A saturated buffer filters out nitrogen and other soil that could have been washed downstream by running the distribution pipe through a vegetated buffer. The nutrients are taken up by plants and denitrified before entering a stream or outlet. | T |
| What famous aquifer is a good example of groundwater management? | OgalallaAquifer |
| T/F: When designing pipes it is important to use the smallest diameter to meet the top pipe velocity req. | T |
| What are afew causes of change in velocity in pipes? | Obstruction, pipe size change, fittings, entrapped air |
| Evaporation is: | water entering into the atmosphere, liquid to gas phase change |
| Transpiration is: | evaporation through a plant |
| Evapotranspiration is: | evaporation and transpiration together |
| what are the three things needed for the evaporation of water? | gradient of potentials, energy, water |
| when transpiration occurs through the stomata, the _____ is pulling water out of the ______. | air, plant |
| When estimating reference ET, we use the _______ equation | Penman- Monteith |
| Microirrigation is: | irrigation at low flow rates per device |
Created by:
sydnee hubner
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