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Endocrine
Pharmacology (Vet Tech)
| Known historically as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, which has FSH & LH effects. | Equine chorionic gonadotropin |
| Period of sexual activity in nonhuman, female mammals that includes proliferation of uterine mucosa, swelling of the vulva, ovulation. and acceptance of coitus | Estrous/estrus |
| The major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. | Cortisol |
| Pertaining to a normal thyroid gland and normal thyroid gland function | Euthyroid |
| The rate which cellular functions occur. | Basal metabolic rate |
| Compound that originates outside the body. | Exogenous |
| Hypothyroid condition that results from a lack of iodine needed to manufacture triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4) hormones. | Goiter |
| A decapeptide hypophysiotropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. It stimulates the release of LH & FSH by the anterior pituitary. | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| Mares that come into heat soon after foaling generally have a significantly lower conception rate than mares that come into heat at a later time. | Foal heat |
| Another estrogen compound that several years ago was used extensively in food animals as a growth-promoting, or anabolic, steroid. | Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
| Apparatus that can be used in cattle to provide a continuous supply of progesterone for several days. | Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) |
| A hormone of the adenohypophysis that stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and the synthesis & secretion of corticosteroids. | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| A glycopeptide of about 30k Da that stimulates the growth & maturation of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion, promotes the endometrial changes characteristic of the first portion of the mammalian menstrual cycle, & spermatogenesis in the male. | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| Difficult birth. This term can be applied to difficult birth in any species, which can result from a number of causes such as large fetus, small dam, or malpositioning. | Dystocia |
| Structure that replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum and is capable of production of progesterone. | Corpus luteum (CL) |
| Condition caused by excessive production of iodinated thyroid hormones. | Hyperthyroidism |
| Cancer-producing | Carcinogenic |
| When hormones produced by the ovarian follicle exert predominant control & prepare the animal to become inseminated. | Follicular phase |
| Found in pancreas, produces insulin. | Beta cells |
| The period of time in which little or no cycling activity is occurring & hormone levels in general are very low. | Anestrus |
| Another name for gonadotropin-releasing hormone drugs; stimulates release of LH & FSH. | Gonadorelin |
| Drugs that are FSH & LH like, as opposed to causing the release of FSH & LH. | Gonadotropin |
| Usually appears 2-8 weeks after estrogen administration & is manifested as low platelet count, pinpoint hemorrhages in the skin or mm, evidence of bruising leukopenia, & severe anemia. | Aplastic anemia |
| Produced within or caused by factors within the organism. | Endogenous |
| Generic term for any estrus-producing steroid responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics. | Estrogen |
| A hormone produced by the human placenta & has LH like effects with few or no FSH effects. | Human chorionic gonadotropin |
| An endogenous hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes contraction of the myometrium. | Oxytocin |
| Used to regulate the onset of heat for more effective breeding or to delay the onset of estrus when the mare may be competing in an event or stallions are around. | Altrenogest (Regu-Mate) |
| Promote the release of prolactin from the pituitary. | Dopamine antagonists |
| Terms used to describe drugs that have similar chemical structures and effects as the natural hormone progesterone. | Progestins, progestagens, progestational hormones |
| Drug that has been advocated in the past to terminate pregnancies & treat pseudopregnancy in dogs. B/c of the high incidence of vomiting & other side effects, it has not been widely used. | Bromocriptine |
| Inhibits release of pituitary prolactin resulting in CL degeneration & a decline of progesterone necessary for maintaining pregnancy & terminating the pregnancy. | Dompamine agonists |
| Estrogen drug primarily used in SF dogs to treat urinary incontinence, usually in conjunction with another drug that tightens the internal urinary outflow sphincter. | Estradiol |
| Have a similar, but not identical, structure when compared with endogenous GnRH & stimulate release of LH & FSH. | GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) analogs/gonadorelin |
| Prostaglandin F2a analog approved for termination of pregnancy in mares; trade names: Lutalyse, ProstaMate, In-Sync. | Dinoprost tromethamine |
| Another contraceptive previously commercially available for controlling the onset of estrus in F dogs. | Mibolerone |
| Trade name: Incurin; another estrogen drug primarily used in SF dogs to treat urinary incontinence, usually in conjunction with another drug that tightens the internal urinary outflow sphincter. | Estriol |
| FDA-approved progesterone that is added to the cattle feed to suppress the estrous cycle or prolong diestrus in groups of feedlot heifers to facilitate the heifers all coming into heat all at the same time & managing AI. | Melengestrol acetate (MGA) |
| Prostaglandin drug with trade name: Estrumate | Cloprostenol |
| An orally administered progestin used for contraception in F dogs/cats. | Megestrol acetate |
| May induce abortion or premature parturition in mares or cows by mimicking the elevated levels of cortisol that occur at the beginning of normal parturition | Corticosteroids |
| Synthetic prostaglandin drugs used to lyse an active CL in an animal in the diestrus period of the luteal phase or to cause contractions of the uterus; causes subsequent fatal death. | Prostaglandin F2a analogs |
| Insulins created by bringing together genetic material from different sources and producing DNA sequences that are capable of producing these insulins that wouldn't be otherwise produced by biologic organisms. | Recombinant human insulin |
| Controls the function of endocrine glands, similar to a thermostat. | Negative feedback regulatory mechanism |
| Type of diabetes is characterized by decreased insulin & is referred to as type 1 | Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| An infection of the uterus in which a great deal of pus is produced. | Pyometra |
| The principal progestational hormone of the body, liberated by the CL, placenta, & in minute amount of adrenal cortex | Progesterone |
| A phase of estrous cycle in which hormones of the corpus luteum on the ovary predominate, focusing on sustaining a fertilized egg. | Luteal phase |
| A nonapeptide secreted by the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus & stored as a posterior pituitary hormone along with vasopressin. | Oxytocin |
| Either of two glycoproteins, A & B; each is composed of a common a-subunit and one of two beta-subunit; they are secreted by the gonads & found in seminal plasma & follicular fluid & inhibit pituitary production of FSH. | Inhibin |
| Inflammation of the uterus. | Metritis |
| Type 2 diabetes; results from a decreased effectiveness of insulin even though the pancreatic beta cells are potentially capable of producing adequate insulin. | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| Any of a class of basic proteins of low molecular wt, occurring in combination with nuclei acids in the sperm of salmon & certain other fish & having the property of neutralizing heparin. | Protamine |
| Drugs that lower blood glucose. | Hypoglycemic agents |
| A period of the estrous cycle during which there is no ovarian activity; in cats, horses, sheep, goats, & other certain other species that occurs annually for periods of weeks to months. | Seasonal anestrus |
| A disease of the thyroid gland itself that results in lower T3 & T4 hormones. | Primary hypothroidism |
| Any natural or synthetic progestational hormone. | Progestagen |
| Deficiency of thyroid activity; characterized by decreased in basal metabolic rate, fatigue, & lethargy; if untreated, it progresses to myxedema. | Hypothyroidism |
| The birth process. | Parturition |
| Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. | Prostaglandins |
| The immature F productive cell before fertilization; derived from an oogonium & occurring in two stages: primary & secondary oocytes. | Oocytes |
| The thyroid gland itself functions normally, but the low quantities of T3 & T4 hormones result from the pituitary gland being unable to produce TSH for some reason. | Secondary hypothyroidism |
| Synonymous with progestins. | Progestational hormone |
| The hypoglycemic drug for which the most experience has been gained. | Sulfonylurea compound |
| The smooth muscle coat of the uterus. | Myometrium |
| Refers to the group of progesterone-like hormones. | Progestin |
| A decrease of thyroid hormones due to a disease or malfunction of the hypothalamus. | Tertiary hypothyroidism |
| Hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that when released can initiate follicular maturation. ovulation, and spermatogenesis. | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Developed to "starve" the thyroid tumor of the iodine needed to produce high level of T3 & T4. | Iodine-limited diets |
| Although beta-blockers can help a little with hypertension from hyperthyroidism, significant hyperthyroidism requires more aggresive drugs like the calcium channel blocker to reduce the risk of sustained hypertension damage to organs & tissue like retina. | Amlodipine |
| Orally administered antithyroid drug has been used to control hyperthyroidism in cats by blocking the thyroid tumor's ability to use iodine to produce T3 & T4. | Methimazole (Tapazole) |
| Synthetic T4 hormone supplement; drug of choice to treat hyperthyroidism. | Levothyroxine |
| Used if the pt is a poor surgical candidate or the owner is reluctant or unable to give (hyperthyroid) oral medication on a daily basis for the rest of the cat's life. | Radioactive iodine (I-131) |
| Synthethic T3 hormone supplement; used to treat hypothyroidism; used in pt who does not respond successfully to conventional T4 supplementation therapy | Liothyronine |
| Decrease the effect of sympathetic stimulation by preventing the normal sympathetic neurotransmitter molecules of epinephrine & norepinephrine from combining with the Beta-1 receptors. | Propranolol/atenolo |
| The bottle contains 40 or 100 insulin units per mL | U-40 & U-100 insulin |
| A hormone of the thyroid gland that contains iodine & is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. | Thyroxine (T4) |
| The major hormone elaborated by the thyroid follicular cells, formed from thyroglobulin & transported mainly in the blood serum thyroxine-binding globulin. | Tetraiodothyronine |
| One of the two major types of diabetes mellitus. Dx is based on lab test indicating glucose intolerance. Basal insulin secretion is maintained at normal or reduced levels, but insulin release in response to a glucose load is delayed or reduced. | Type 2 diabetes |
| Stimulates the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to absorb iodine & incorporate it into tyrosine molecules to produce two thyroid hormones: T3 or T4. | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| One of the two major types of diabetes mellitus: an autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of beta-cells of the pancreas, leading to loss of the ability to secrete insulin. | Type 1 diabetes |
| Surgical removal of the thyroid tumor | Thyroidectomy |
| The condition caused by excessive quantities of thyroid hormones. | Thyrotoxicosis |
| The hormone that produces the physiologic effect of thyroid hormones. | Triiodothyronine (T3) |
| Protocols where the use of drugs in a specific, timed order brings the entire group of cattle into estrus at the same time regardless of where they were in their estrous cycle. | Timed artificial insemination (Timed AI) |
| A stimulating hormone whose function is to stimulate the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood. | Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
| What is glipizide? | Sulfonylurea compound; extra label use for cats & has demonstrated poor efficacy in glycemic control for our feline pts. |
| What side effects does glipizide have? | The lack of medical advantage of glipizide over insulin therapy, & less client compliance w/ daily oral admin, has demonstrated poor LH in glycemic control for feline pts. |
| Why is glipizide not widely used? | May accelerate beta cells lose, rendering the glipizide ineffective & making diabetic condition worse. |
| What is insulin measured in? | Units |
| Insulin is a suspension. How should you resuspend the drug in most insulins before withdrawal? | Gentle roll bottle between palms of the hands - delicate molecule. |
| Which insulin do you not have to resuspend this way? | Vetsulin (porcine insulin zinc suspension) can be shaken (insulin not dissolved in the liquid). |
| What is Bexacat (bexaglifozin tablets)? | FDA-approved oral glycemic control medication for cats. |
| What must you, as the vet tech, educate the cat owners on who are using Bexacat? | Cats should be monitored closely for UTI's, dehydration, diarrhea or loose stool, anorexia & lethargy. |
| What organ makes insulin? | Pancreas |
| What is the major effect of insulin? | Move glucose from the blood into tissue cells. |
| What effect does insulin have on the liver? | Causes liver to store glucose & facilitates deposition of fat in adipose tissue. |
| What is called when there is a lack of insulin? | Diabetes mellitus (hyperglycemia) |
| What is the euthyroid state? | Normal thyroid hormone levels |
| Thyrotoxicosis is another name for | Hyperthyroidism |
| What is the hormone that promotes the maintenance of pregnancies? | Progesterone |
| Which type of injectable insulin product should be used during a diabetic emergency, administered via the IV route? | Regular insulin |
| Endocrine hormones function to not only affect a target tissue, but to cause a subsequent decrease in the continued release of more of the same hormone. This mechanism that limits the amount of a hormone response that occurs is called: | Negative feedback |
| Cats with hyperthyroidism because of thyroid tumors often experience an increase in beta-1 receptors on __________ cells. | Heart |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and is more commonly diagnosed in | Dogs |
| Which form of an endocrine disease means that the source of the problem for the disease resides in the organ that produces the final hormone? | Primary |
| Hypothyroidism is commonly recognized and treated in | Dogs |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin are examples of gonadotropins | which have LH like effects. |
| Hypothyroidism as result of decreased iodine ingestion causes Goiter because | high levels of TSH stimulates thyroid tissue, leading to hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. |
| Developing ovarian follicles produce which two hormones? | Inhibin/Estrogen |
| Of the following list, who should be chosen to administer prostaglandin for estrous synchronization of dairy cows on a farm? | The healthy technician who is used to handling needles and syringes |
| Prostaglandins are commonly used to terminate pregnancies in many domestic species. Injection of the specific prostaglandin F2á (PgF2á) is alone not 100% effective in causing parturition in cattle that are near term. Why? | PgF2á doesn’t exert an influence on the uterus |
| Animals with follicular cysts will | always appear to be in heat. |
| Concerning the cascade responsible for thyroid hormone production, a hypothalamic hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary, which then triggers the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. | releasing, stimulating |
| Levothyroxine used to treat hypothyroidism | has a wide therapeutic (safety) index. |
| A farmer has a cow with chronic ketosis for 2 months. The veterinarian diagnoses fatty liver syndrome and adds BID insulin to the standard ketosis treatment. This is contraindicated as insulin promotes lipid synthesis, worsening hepatic fat accumulation. | Insulin receptors are less sensitive to insulin when given with a corticosteroid. |
| With regards to thyroid hormone, which is the correct statement? | In tissue, T4 is changed to T3 by losing an iodine. |
| Exogenous drugs are | made outside the body. |
| Palpation of the ventral neck of a cat should be performed on hyperthyroid felines that exhibit | tachycardia |
| Why would a cat with hyperthyroidism as well as decreased blood calcium benefit from treatment with radioactive iodine in place of surgical thyroidectomy? | Need to spare the parathyroid glands. |
| What would be the effect of using a U-40 syringe instead of a U-100 syringe to pull up a dose of insulin? | The dose will likely be incorrect, leading to possible dangerous side effects. |
| Progesterone has a negative feedback effect on the release of all except | estrogen |
| Why is levothyroxine (T4) preferred for treatment of hypothyroidism than liothyronine (T3)? | T4 appears more of a factor in the negative feedback loop than T3. |
| Hypo or Hyper - Hair loss | Hypothyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Bradycardia | Hypothyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Intolerance of warm environment | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Increased activity, alertness | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Dry, scaly skin | Hypothyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Increased size of thyroid gland or part of thyroid gland | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Heat-seeking behavior | Hypothyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Wt gain despite normal food consumption | Hypothyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Polyuria, Polydipsia | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Loss of wt despite normal or increased appetite | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypo or Hyper - Tachycardia | Hyperthyroidism |
| T or F: Hyperthyroidism occurs more frequently in dogs than cats. | False |
| T or F: Thyrotoxicosis from excessive thyroid hormones is typically more severe in the dog than it is in humans. | False |
| T or F: Radioactive iodine is given orally. | False |
| T or F: Iodine -limited diets need only be given for a short period of time to hyperthyroid patients because the iodine deficiency starves the thyroid tumor, causing the cells to die. | False |
| T or F: NPH, protamine zinc insulin (PZI), and porcine insulin zinc suspension insulin are all given subcutaneously (SQ). | True |
| T or F: Estrogen compounds can cause a proliferation of increased red blood cells and white blood cells from the bone marrow. | False |
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